In recent decades, there has been an intensification of the socioeconomic and environmental drivers of pandemics, including ecosystem conversion, meat consumption, urbanization, and connectivity among cities and countries. This paper reviews how these four systemic drivers help explain the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent emerging infectious diseases, and the policies that can be adopted to mitigate their risks. Land-use change and meat consumption increase the likelihood of pathogen spillover from animals to people. The risk that such zoonotic outbreaks will then spread to become pandemics is magnified by growing urban populations and the networks of trade and travel within and among countries. Zoonotic spillover can be mitigated through habitat protection and restrictions on the wildlife trade. Containing infectious disease spread requires a high degree of coordination among institutions across geographic jurisdictions and economic sectors, all backed by international investment and cooperation.

近几十年来，流行病的社会经济和环境驱动因素不断加剧，包括生态系统转变、肉类消费、城市化以及城市和国家之间的连通性。本文回顾了这四个系统性驱动因素如何帮助解释 COVID-19 大流行和其他最近出现的传染病的动态，以及可以采取的降低风险的政策。土地利用变化和肉类消费增加了病原体从动物传播到人类的可能性。不断增长的城市人口以及国家内部和国家之间的贸易和旅行网络加剧了这种人畜共患病暴发随后蔓延成大流行病的风险。人畜共患病溢出可以通过栖息地保护和限制野生动物贸易来缓解。