ABSTRACT

Ibuprofen (IBU) and diclofenac (DCF) are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals. They are frequently detected in wastewater and in the environment. Due to their harmful effect on aquatic organisms, new methods should be developed to enhance their removal from wastewater. One efficient wastewater treatment process is ozonation. In this study the fate of IBU and DCF during ozonation was investigated. Transformation products were identified with liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer (MS) and a quadrupole time-of-flight MS. Also, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry was used in order to investigate the presence of more volatile transformation products than those detected with LC-MS. Ten different products could be identified for IBU, including four isomers of hydroxylated IBU. Six were conclusively identified with authentic standards. For DCF, 14 different products could be identified of which four were isomers of hydroxylated DCF. Three products were identified with authentic standards. IBU, DCF and the major ozonation products were quantified with LC coupled to a triple quadrupole MS. Both IBU and DCF can be efficiently be transformed via ozonation. Only 20% of IBU is left after 30 min, while 10 min is required to transform DCF to the same extent. The major product formed during the ozonation of IBU was IBU with an additional ketone group, while the major product formed from DCF was 4ʹ-OH-DCF.

摘要

布洛芬 (IBU) 和双氯芬酸 (DCF) 是非甾体抗炎药。它们经常在废水和环境中被发现。由于它们对水生生物的有害影响，应开发新的方法来提高它们从废水中的去除率。一种有效的废水处理工艺是臭氧化。在这项研究中，研究了臭氧化过程中 IBU 和 DCF 的命运。通过与离子阱质谱仪 (MS) 和四极杆飞行时间 MS 耦合的液相色谱 (LC) 鉴定转化产物。此外，使用气相色谱 - 质谱法来研究比 LC-MS 检测到的挥发性转化产物更多的存在。可以鉴定出十种不同的 IBU 产品，包括四种羟基化 IBU 的异构体。六个最终确定为具有真实标准。对于 DCF，可以鉴定出 14 种不同的产品，其中四种是羟基化 DCF 的异构体。三种产品被鉴定为具有真实标准。IBU、DCF 和主要的臭氧化产物通过耦合到三重四极杆 MS 的 LC 进行定量。IBU 和 DCF 都可以通过臭氧进行有效转化。30 分钟后只剩下 20% 的 IBU，而 DCF 转换到相同程度则需要 10 分钟。IBU 臭氧化过程中形成的主要产物是带有额外酮基的 IBU，而 DCF 形成的主要产物是 4ʹ-OH-DCF。DCF 和主要的臭氧化产物通过耦合到三重四极杆 MS 的 LC 进行量化。IBU 和 DCF 都可以通过臭氧进行有效转化。30 分钟后只剩下 20% 的 IBU，而 DCF 转换到相同程度则需要 10 分钟。IBU 臭氧化过程中形成的主要产物是带有额外酮基的 IBU，而 DCF 形成的主要产物是 4ʹ-OH-DCF。DCF 和主要的臭氧化产物通过耦合到三重四极杆 MS 的 LC 进行量化。IBU 和 DCF 都可以通过臭氧进行有效转化。30 分钟后只剩下 20% 的 IBU，而 DCF 转换到相同程度则需要 10 分钟。IBU 臭氧化过程中形成的主要产物是带有额外酮基的 IBU，而 DCF 形成的主要产物是 4ʹ-OH-DCF。