Thermal fume formation is a problem in manganese ferroalloy production and the metal production industry at large. A better understanding of the mechanisms of fume formation and the operational parameters affecting the fume formation rate may help in reducing and managing fuming. This paper aims to investigate the effects of oxygen content and gas flow rate on the fuming rate and fume particulate properties for liquid high-carbon ferromanganese. The fuming rates were attained experimentally by measuring the fume flux with respect to oxygen content and gas velocity above the metal melt. The generated fumes were also characterized in terms of particle size and element distribution between fume and melt. The fuming rates were found to steadily increase with increasing oxygen content and flow rate of the gas up to a point where the curve flattens, following theoretical predictions. However, the highest flux values measured were above the theoretical limitations of the evaporation flux in vacuo given the alloy bulk composition. It is hypothesized that the high rate of fuming is caused by an increased manganese activity at the alloy surface due to local decarburization of the alloy in contact with the oxidizing gas.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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高碳锰铁中的氧化增强蒸发

热烟气形成是锰铁合金生产和整个金属生产行业中的一个问题。更好地了解烟雾形成的机理和影响烟雾形成速率的运行参数可能有助于减少和管理烟雾。本文旨在研究含氧量和气体流速对液态高碳锰铁的发烟速率和烟气微粒性能的影响。通过测量相对于金属熔体上方的氧气含量和气体速度的烟气通量，可通过实验得出烟气率。还根据烟气和熔体之间的粒径和元素分布对产生的烟气进行了表征。发现发烟率随着氧气含量和气体流速的增加而稳定增加，直至曲线变平，遵循理论预测。但是，在给定合金本体组成的情况下，测得的最高通量值高于真空蒸发通量的理论极限。据推测，高发烟率是由于与氧化性气体接触的合金局部脱碳而导致的合金表面锰活性的提高所致。

图形概要