A preparatory study was performed to develop a sediment quality and risk assessment strategy for Switzerland, addressing the following questions: the sediment fraction to be analyzed chemically (< 63 µm, or alternatively < 2 mm); the suitability of using perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as an indicator of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in sediments; the availability of data for the derivation of sediment quality guidelines; and the suitability of normalization to total organic carbon (TOC). The results confirmed PFOS as a suitable indicator of PFAS contamination in sediments from small streams, being the most detected and on average with the highest concentrations among the analyzed PFAS. The fine fraction (< 63 µm) was more appropriate to screening for possible sources and studying the compound profiles at the study sites, but the analysis of the < 2 mm fraction and the normalization to a sample consisting of 100% of the < 63 μm fraction was, in principle, feasible for PFOS. Sediment quality guidelines for PFOS aiming to protect benthic invertebrates from generic adverse effects could be derived, but the available toxicity database is still too sparse. It was only possible to derive preliminary values. Sediment quality guidelines to protect wildlife and human health from secondary poisoning, using the equilibrium partitioning approach and simple trophic web models, were also derived. The use of food web models to derive sediment quality guidelines has not been validated, and the available database of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors and Trophic Magnification Factors for PFOS remains limited. However, it is still larger than the effect concentrations database based on sediment studies using benthic invertebrates. Normalization to TOC content in the field (0.2%–12.9%) was decisive in the quality assessment outcome. This is a widely accepted practice for hydrophobic organic contaminants, but its endorsement for PFOS would also benefit from validation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:716–725. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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全氟和多氟烷基物质的沉积物质量评估框架：预备研究结果和监管影响

为制定瑞士沉积物质量和风险评估策略进行了一项预备研究，解决了以下问题：要进行化学分析的沉积物部分（< 63 µm，或者< 2 mm）；使用全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 作为沉积物中全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 污染的指标的适用性；用于推导沉积物质量准则的数据的可用性；以及标准化为总有机碳 (TOC) 的适用性。结果证实全氟辛烷磺酸是小溪沉积物中全氟和多氟烷基物质污染的合适指标，在分析的全氟和多氟烷基物质中检测到最多，平均浓度最高。细分数（< 63 µm) 更适合在研究地点筛选可能的来源和研究化合物概况，但对 < 2 mm 级分的分析和归一化为由 100% < 63 µm 级分组成的样品，原则上是，适用于全氟辛烷磺酸。可以得出旨在保护底栖无脊椎动物免受一般不良影响的 PFOS 沉积物质量指南，但可用的毒性数据库仍然太少。只能得出初步值。还导出了使用平衡划分方法和简单的营养网模型来保护野生动物和人类健康免受二次中毒的沉积物质量指南。使用食物网模型推导出沉积物质量准则尚未得到验证，PFOS 的生物群沉积物积累因子和营养放大因子的可用数据库仍然有限。然而，它仍然大于基于使用底栖无脊椎动物的沉积物研究的效应浓度数据库。对现场 TOC 含量的标准化（0.2%–12.9%）对质量评估结果具有决定性意义。对于疏水性有机污染物，这是一种被广泛接受的做法，但它对全氟辛烷磺酸的认可也将受益于验证。Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021；17:716-725。© 2021 SETAC