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On the construction of a post-quantum blockchain for smart city
Journal of Information Security and Applications ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-19 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102780
Jiahui Chen , Wensheng Gan , Muchuang Hu , Chien-Ming Chen

Owing to some special characteristics and features, blockchain is a very useful technique that can securely organize diverse devices in a smart city. It finds wide applications, especially in distributed environments, where entities such as wireless sensors need to be certain of the authenticity of the server. As contemporary blockchain techniques that address post-quantum concerns have not been designed, in this study, we investigate a blockchain in the post-quantum setting and seek to discover how it can resist attacks from quantum computing. In addition, traditional proof of work (PoW)-based consensus protocols such as Bitcoin cannot supply memory mining, and the transaction capacity of each block in a blockchain is limited and needs to be expanded. Thus, a new post-quantum proof of work (post-quantum PoW) consensus algorithm for security and privacy of smart city applications is proposed. It can be used to not only protect a blockchain under a quantum computing attack compared to existing classical hash-based PoW algorithms but also to supply memory mining. Meanwhile, an identity-based post-quantum signature is embedded into a transaction process to construct lightweight transactions. Subsequently, we provide a detailed description on the execution of the post-quantum lightweight transaction in a blockchain. Overall, this work can help enrich the research on future post-quantum blockchain and support the construction or architecture of emerging blockchain-based smart cities.



中文翻译:

关于智慧城市的量子后区块链的建设

由于具有一些特殊的特性和功能,区块链是一种非常有用的技术,可以安全地组织智能城市中的各种设备。它发现了广泛的应用程序,尤其是在分布式环境中,在这种环境中,诸如无线传感器之类的实体需要确定服务器的真实性。由于尚未设计出解决后量子问题的当代区块链技术,因此在本研究中,我们将研究后量子环境中的区块链,并寻求发现其如何抵御来自量子计算的攻击。此外,基于传统的工作量证明(PoW)的共识协议(例如比特币)无法提供内存挖掘,并且区块链中每个区块的交易容量有限,需要扩展。因此,提出了一种新的针对智能城市应用的安全性和隐私性的后量子工作量证明(post-quantum PoW)共识算法。与现有的传统的基于散列的PoW算法相比,它不仅可以用于在量子计算攻击下保护区块链,还可以用于提供内存挖掘。同时,将基于身份的后量子签名嵌入到事务处理过程中,以构建轻量级事务。随后,我们提供了有关在区块链中执行量子后轻量级交易的详细描述。总体而言,这项工作可以帮助丰富对未来量子后区块链的研究,并支持新兴的基于区块链的智慧城市的建设或架构。与现有的传统的基于散列的PoW算法相比,它不仅可以用于在量子计算攻击下保护区块链,还可以用于提供内存挖掘。同时,将基于身份的后量子签名嵌入到事务处理过程中,以构建轻量级事务。随后,我们提供了有关在区块链中执行量子后轻量级交易的详细描述。总体而言,这项工作可以帮助丰富对未来量子后区块链的研究,并支持新兴的基于区块链的智慧城市的建设或架构。与现有的传统的基于散列的PoW算法相比,它不仅可以用于在量子计算攻击下保护区块链,还可以用于提供内存挖掘。同时,将基于身份的后量子签名嵌入到事务处理过程中,以构建轻量级事务。随后,我们提供了有关在区块链中执行量子后轻量级交易的详细描述。总体而言,这项工作可以帮助丰富对未来量子后区块链的研究,并支持新兴的基于区块链的智慧城市的建设或架构。我们提供了有关在区块链中执行量子后轻量级交易的详细说明。总体而言,这项工作可以帮助丰富对未来量子后区块链的研究,并支持新兴的基于区块链的智慧城市的建设或架构。我们提供了有关在区块链中执行量子后轻量级交易的详细说明。总体而言,这项工作可以帮助丰富对未来量子后区块链的研究,并支持新兴的基于区块链的智慧城市的建设或架构。

更新日期:2021-03-19
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