Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop and empirically test the student engagement scale and to understand the factors that contribute to student engagement at higher educational institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation started with a rummage for variables, available in the literature, 59 in numbers, which were then used to collect data from a sample of university students in Lahore, Pakistan. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to develop an initial structure of the construct. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then conducted to confirm the reliability and validity of these factors for the student engagement construct.

Findings

It has been found that factors, predominantly social and exogenous to the classroom environment, such as campus atmosphere and facilities, are more responsible for creating engagement among students at higher educational institutions of Pakistan.

Originality/value

This is one of the pioneer studies for developing a student engagement scale for measuring the students' engagement in higher educational institutions. The authors believe that the scale developed in this study contributes substantially to the student engagement literature. Limitations, future research directions and implications are discussed.

中文翻译：

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为高等教育学生开发和测试学生参与量表

目的

本研究的目的是开发和实证测试学生参与量表，并了解有助于高等教育机构学生参与的因素。

设计/方法/方法

调查开始于翻阅文献中提供的变量，共有 59 个变量，然后用于从巴基斯坦拉合尔的大学生样本中收集数据。应用探索性因素分析 (EFA) 来开发构造的初始结构。然后进行验证性因素分析（CFA），以确认这些因素对学生参与结构的可靠性和有效性。

发现

研究发现，主要是社会因素和课堂环境的外生因素，如校园氛围和设施，更能促进巴基斯坦高等教育机构学生的参与。

原创性/价值

这是开发学生参与量表以衡量学生在高等教育机构中的参与度的先驱研究之一。作者认为，本研究中开发的量表对学生参与文献做出了重大贡献。讨论了局限性、未来的研究方向和影响。