Brachiocephalic and subclavian artery stenoses are less common manifestations of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) compared to lower extremity PAD. However, even among asymptomatic patients, a diagnosis of PAD portends worse long-term mortality. Symptoms may include subclavian steal syndrome and arm claudication. Among patients with internal mammary coronary bypass grafts, symptoms may include those of myocardial ischemia. Symptomatic subclavian stenosis can be readily treated using endovascular techniques with durable outcomes.

中文翻译：

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头臂和锁骨下狭窄：心血管专家的当前概念

与下肢 PAD 相比，头臂动脉和锁骨下动脉狭窄是外周动脉疾病 (PAD) 不太常见的表现。但是，即使在无症状患者中，PAD的诊断也预示着长期死亡率会下降。症状可能包括锁骨下窃血综合征和手臂跛行。在接受内乳冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者中，症状可能包括心肌缺血。有症状的锁骨下狭窄可以很容易地使用血管内技术治疗，结果持久。