I process credit-card consumption data through an input–output model of sectoral linkages to impute the sector-level output responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. The sector-level consumption responses are highly dispersed and even positive for some. Yet, all sectors suffer from output losses. Production of intermediate goods stabilises output. Consequently, the sectoral dispersion of final consumption is higher than the sectoral dispersion of output produced. Sectors that provide intermediate goods are affected less by the pandemic. Many service sectors face the largest losses in output since they depend the most on final consumption.

中文翻译：

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分散消费与压缩产出：评估大流行的部门影响

我通过部门联系的投入产出模型处理信用卡消费数据，以估算部门层面对 Covid-19 大流行的产出反应。部门层面的消费反应高度分散，甚至对某些部门来说是积极的。然而，所有部门都遭受产出损失。中间产品的生产稳定了产出。因此，最终消费的部门离差高于产出的部门离差。提供中间产品的行业受疫情影响较小。许多服务部门面临最大的产出损失，因为它们最依赖最终消费。