This research investigated whether and to what extent Dutch society is polarized in its attitudes towards refugees and migrants. We further investigated what factors were linked to polarization by testing an integrated three-dimensional model. A latent profile analysis of a representative Dutch sample (N = 1897) suggested that society is indeed polarized, with two substantial groups—anti (16.5%) and pro (18.7%)—at opposite ends. The middle was also divided into people with critical (31.8%) and lenient (33%) attitudes. The three dimensions of our model, (1) the individual and social self (education, political orientation, relative deprivation), (2) perceptions and experience regarding refugees and migrants (perceived cultural distance and contact), and (3) the societal context (societal discontent), were all significantly associated with polarized attitudes. Interestingly, perceived cultural distance from Islam was most strongly linked to polarized attitudes. Organizing different factors into an integrated model offers new insights into the complexity of polarization in society.

中文翻译：

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荷兰对待难民和移民的态度两极分化

这项研究调查了荷兰社会对难民和移民的态度是否以及在多大程度上两极分化。我们通过测试集成的三维模型进一步研究了哪些因素与极化有关。荷兰代表性样本的潜在剖面分析 ( N = 1897) 表明社会确实是两极分化的，有两个相当大的群体——反 (16.5%) 和赞成 (18.7%)——处于相反的两端。中间还分为持批评态度（31.8%）和宽大处理（33%）态度的人。我们模型的三个维度，（1）个人和社会自我（教育、政治取向、相对剥夺），（2）对难民和移民的看法和经验（感知的文化距离和接触），以及（3）社会背景（社会不满），都与两极分化的态度显着相关。有趣的是，感知到的与伊斯兰教的文化距离与两极分化的态度密切相关。将不同的因素组织成一个综合模型，为社会两极分化的复杂性提供了新的见解。