Cairo's 19th-century buildings with historic and cultural importance are decorated with a prosperous coloring palette. In the present work, samples of pictorial layers and gilded surfaces from El-Gawhara Palace, the Great mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha, and the Palace of Shubra were studied. Since there is a research gap concerning the painting materials in those monuments, the present study aims to characterize the pictorial surfaces in the studied buildings and to compare the results with other paintings from the same period. The material characterization included microscopic examination via an optical digital microscope. The surface morphology, microstructure, and the elemental identification were accomplished using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray micro-analyzer. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to confirm some findings. The results allowed a sufficient understanding of the paint layers and their chemical nature. The analytical methods revealed ultramarine blue (Na₇Al₆Si₆O₂₄S₃) as the blue coloring material in the studied buildings. Further, an obvious discoloration in the blue paint layer from El-Gawhara Palace was reported. Green earth was identified in the great mosque of Muhammad Ali Pasha and in Shubra Palace. Lead (II) oxide (massicot, PbO) was used for the yellow color in Shubra Palace and a mixture of lampblack and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) was possibly used for the black color in El-Gawhara Palace. For the gilding technique in Shubra Palace, mechanically adhered gold-silver leaves were preferred.

中文翻译：

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调查埃及现存新洛可可壁画的形态和化学特征

开罗具有历史和文化重要性的 19 世纪建筑都装饰有繁荣的调色板。在目前的工作中，研究了来自 El-Gawhara 宫、穆罕默德·阿里帕夏大清真寺和舒布拉宫的图案层和镀金表面样本。由于这些古迹中的绘画材料存在研究空白，本研究旨在表征研究建筑物中的图画表面，并将结果与​​同期其他绘画进行比较。材料表征包括通过光学数码显微镜进行的显微检查。使用场发射扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线显微分析仪完成表面形貌、微观结构和元素鉴定。此外，傅里叶变换红外光谱仪被用来证实一些发现。结果使我们能够充分了解油漆层及其化学性质。分析方法显示群青蓝（Na₇ Al ₆ Si ₆ O ₂₄ S ₃ ) 作为研究建筑物中的蓝色着色材料。此外，据报道，El-Gawhara 宫的蓝色油漆层出现明显变色。在穆罕默德阿里帕夏大清真寺和舒布拉宫中发现了绿色地球。铅 (II) 氧化物（massicot，PbO）被用于 Shubra 宫的黄色，油烟和磁铁矿的混合物（Fe ₃ O ₄）可能被用于 El-Gawhara 宫的黑色。蜀布拉宫的镀金工艺，以机械贴合金银叶为首选。