A field experiment was carried out for over two seasons (autumn and spring) as a split–split plot scheme based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included two irrigation levels of the maximum available water depletion (maximum allowable depletion (MAD)) of 55 and 85% as non-stress and drought-stress environments, respectively, and the subplot accommodated two levels of nitrogen (0 and 62.5 kg N/ha, urea fertilizer); also, 20 barley genotypes were assigned to the sub-subplots. The biplot analysis of both sowing seasons showed that grain yield (GY) had a high positive correlation with total biomass (TB), whereas it had a high negative correlation with proline and total soluble carbohydrate as drought-tolerance-determinant characteristics. The genotypes which had the lowest and highest GY ranked significantly (P ≤ 0.01) different with changing the sowing season under each irrigation level, indicating a larger plant interaction and non-stability in response to the season change (about two-fold), as compared to the change in the irrigation conditions. It could also be concluded that barley genotypes might experience a higher decrease in GY and sensitivity to water deficit in the autumn sowing season, as compared to the spring planting season, which was also intensified by nitrogen application. However, the response to nitrogen application depends on the plant genotype.

中文翻译：

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氮肥和播种季节对大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.) 限水胁迫响应的综合影响

田间试验进行了超过两个季节（秋季和春季），作为基于具有三个重复的随机完整区组设计的裂区方案。主地块包括两个灌溉水平，即最大可用水耗竭（最大允许耗水量（MAD））分别为非胁迫和干旱胁迫环境的 55% 和 85%，子地块容纳两个氮水平（0 和 62.5 kg N/ha，尿素肥料）；此外，将 20 个大麦基因型分配到子子区。两个播种季节的双图分析表明，谷物产量（GY）与总生物量（TB）呈高度正相关，而与脯氨酸和总可溶性碳水化合物作为耐旱性决定性特征呈高度负相关。磷≤ 0.01) 在每个灌溉水平下随着播种季节的变化而不同，表明与灌溉条件的变化相比，植物相互作用和响应季节变化的不稳定性（约两倍）更大。还可以得出结论，与春季播种季节相比，大麦基因型在秋季播种季节的 GY 下降和对水分亏缺的敏感性可能更高，这也因施氮而加剧。然而，对施氮的反应取决于植物基因型。