The importance of childhood immunization for healthy child growth and development is well recognized and is considered to be the best and most cost-effective lifesaver. Low socioeconomic status has been shown to be associated with low child immunization and health care utilization, but the inequalities in immunization coverage due to social and economic factors are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the association between child immunization coverage and various socioeconomic factors and to quantify their contributions to generating inequalities in immunization coverage in India. The study data are from the National Family Health Survey-4 conducted in 2015–16. The association between socioeconomic determinants and child full immunization coverage was estimated using the χ2 test and binary logistic regression. Concentration indices were estimated to measure the magnitude of inequality, and these were further decomposed to explain the contribution of different socioeconomic factors to the total disparity in full immunization coverage. The results showed that the uptake of immunization in 2015–16 was highly associated with mother’s educational status and household wealth. The concentration index decomposition revealed that inequality (immunization disadvantage) was highest among poorer economic groups and among children whose mothers were illiterate. The overall concentration index value indicates that the weaker socioeconomic groups in India are more disadvantaged in terms of immunization interventions. The results offer insight into the dynamics of the variation in immunization coverage in India and help identify vulnerable populations that should be targeted to decrease socioeconomic inequalities in the country.

儿童免疫接种对于儿童健康成长和发展的重要性已得到广泛认可，并被认为是最好、最具成本效益的救星。社会经济地位低下已被证明与儿童免疫接种率和医疗保健利用率低有关，但人们对社会和经济因素造成的免疫覆盖率不平等知之甚少。本研究旨在探讨儿童免疫覆盖率与各种社会经济因素之间的关联，并量化它们对印度免疫覆盖率不平等的影响。研究数据来自 2015-16 年进行的第四次全国家庭健康调查。使用χ2检验和二元逻辑回归估计社会经济决定因素和儿童全面免疫覆盖率之间的关联。估计集中指数来衡量不平等的程度，并进一步分解这些指数，以解释不同社会经济因素对全面免疫覆盖率总差异的贡献。结果显示，2015-16 年的免疫接种率与母亲的教育状况和家庭财富高度相关。集中指数分解显示，不平等（免疫劣势）在较贫困的经济群体和母亲为文盲的儿童中最高。总体集中指数值表明，印度社会经济实力较弱的群体在免疫干预方面处于更不利的地位。研究结果提供了对印度免疫覆盖率变化动态的深入了解，并有助于确定应针对减少该国社会经济不平等的弱势群体。