In this study, a hybrid of nanofiltration (NF) and forward osmosis (FO) has been used with the aim of improving the efficiency of heavy metal removal. Here, black TiO₂ nanoparticles (BNPs) were synthesized first and embedded in the polyamide (PA) active layer of TFC NF membrane to rectify the performance of membranes. The resulting TFN NF membranes were then tested in hybrid NF/FO system properly. The presence of BNPs was confirmed with XPS and FTIR, while the morphological alterations in the synthetized membranes were characterized using FESEM and AFM. Nanofiltration membrane performance was examined using multivalent ions such as of MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, CaCl₂, and NaCl monovalent ion. We demonstrated that the addition of BNPs led to a significant decrease in surface roughness and hydrophilicity, showing a further reduction with increased concentrations of BNPs. In addition, TFC membrane showed a water flux of 25 L/m²h compared to 39, 41, and 66 L/m²h for TFN0.01, TFN0.05, and TFN0.1 membranes, respectively. We also showed that under the FO process, TFN membrane demonstrated the best performance with regards to heavy metal rejection and the highest Cr (III) and Pb (II) rejection was shown in TFN0.05 under the FO process. The ideal heavy metal rejections and acceptable water flux indicate the potential of these developed membranes under FO process for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

在这项研究中，为了提高重金属去除效率，已经使用了纳滤（NF）和正渗透（FO）的混合体。在此，首先合成黑色的TiO ₂纳米颗粒（BNP），并将其嵌入TFC NF膜的聚酰胺（PA）活性层中，以改善膜的性能。然后在混合NF / FO系统中正确测试所得的TFN NF膜。用XPS和FTIR证实了BNP的存在，而用FESEM和AFM表征了合成膜的形态变化。使用多价离子（例如MgSO ₄，Na ₂ SO ₄，CaCl ₂）检查了纳滤膜的性能和NaCl单价离子。我们证明，添加BNPs会导致表面粗糙度和亲水性显着降低，显示出随着BNPs浓度的增加而进一步降低。此外，TFC膜的水通量为25 L / m ² h，而TFN0.01，TFN0.05和TFN0.1膜的水通量分别为39、41和66 L / m ² h。我们还表明，在FO工艺下，TFN膜在重金属排斥方面表现出最好的性能，在FO工艺下，TFN0.05显示出最高的Cr（III）和Pb（II）排斥。理想的重金属截留率和可接受的水通量表明，这些已开发的膜在FO工艺中具有从废水中去除重金属的潜力。