This paper reports on the evaluation of “summer sowing,” an innovative approach to increase the adoption of recently domesticated species of hard seeded annual legumes in Mediterranean and temperate Agriculture. The research revealed that several species of annual legumes whose seed can be readily harvested on‐farm and which possess natural hard seed dormancy, may be sown into dry soil in late summer without additional processing. These studies proved that the hard seed dormancy was broken down sufficiently in the soil over 4–6 weeks to produce robust legume pastures with more than 150 seedlings per m² following the first winter rains, in replicated field sites established across wide agro‐ecological zones in Western Australia (WA) and New South Wales (NSW). Ornithopus sativus Brot., O. compressus L. and Trifolium spumosum L. were suitable for summer sowing based on both hard seed breakdown patterns and subsequent seedling survival in WA. While in NSW, in addition to these legumes, Biserrula pelecinus L., T. vesiculosum Savi. and T. glanduliferum Boiss. were also suitable for summer sowing. A 1.5‐ to 10‐fold increase in herbage production was achieved relative to conventionally sown T. subterraneum L. This development represents a step change in forage legume development for renovated pastures in these environments. Importantly, the experiments revealed differences in G x E effects on seedling establishment, total herbage production and seed yield in different climatic zones. The summer sowing approach is presented as a revolutionary method for pasture renovation that overcomes significant barriers to adoption.

中文翻译：

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“夏季播种”：一项成功的创新，旨在增加对地中海和温带环境下农业用年度饲用豆类关键品种的采用

本文报告了对“夏季播种”的评估，这是一种创新的方法，可以在地中海和温带农业中增加对最近驯化的硬种子一年生豆科植物的采用。研究表明，几种一年生豆科植物的种子很容易在农场收获，并且具有自然的硬种子休眠能力，可以在夏末将其播种到干燥的土壤中，而无需额外的处理。这些研究证明，在最初的冬季降雨之后，在广泛的农业生态区中建立了重复的田地，在4至6周的时间内，硬种子休眠在土壤中被充分分解，从而产生了健壮的豆类草场，每m ²种植了150多棵苗。在西澳大利亚州（WA）和新南威尔士州（NSW）。虎眼万年青O. compressus L.和三叶草spumosum L.基于硬种子故障模式和WA随后的苗木成活率均适宜夏播。在新南威尔士州期间，除了这些豆科植物，还有比塞卢拉（Biserrula pelecinus L 。），T。vesiculosum Savi。和T. glanduliferum Boiss。也适合夏季播种。相对于常规播种的地下T草，牧草产量提高了1.5到10倍L.这种发展代表了在这些环境中翻新牧场的饲草豆科植物开发的一步变化。重要的是，实验揭示了在不同气候区中，G x E对幼苗建立，总牧草产量和种子产量的影响不同。夏季播种方法是牧场翻新的革命性方法，它克服了采用的重大障碍。