Conventional wisdom holds that climate policies imposing substantial costs on individuals only receive little public support. Policymakers are thus reluctant to implement such policies because they fear a political backlash. However, the specific mechanisms driving low support levels are widely understudied, and experimental evidence is scarce. We argue that support for policies depends on three mechanisms: (i) the policy instrument design, (ii) attitudes towards government, and (iii) individual proximity towards the policy issue. We test our arguments by comparing seven mobility-related policy measures, for which we explain the differences in support due to these three factors. We utilise a nationally representative sample of 2034 Swiss citizens and assess the role of the three mechanisms for public policy support measured in a conjoint experiment. The results suggest that all three mechanisms, policy design, attitudes towards government, and proximity, affect public support. First, we find that respondents show the least support for coercive market-based policies with usage dependent costs. Second, those who trust the government are inclined to support environmental and climate policies. Third, respondents who are the most affected will oppose policies the most. The explorative assessment also suggests that the dimensions are mostly independent of each other. However, proximity and policy measures with usage dependent costs reinforce their adverse effects. Implications for policymakers are manifold: First, considering the backlash from those affected most is of utmost importance to avoid public outcries against policy proposals in times of widespread anti-elitist sentiments. Second, compensations for those affected most might be one way to mitigate the problem at hand.

传统观点认为，对个人强加成本的气候政策只得到很少的公众支持。因此，决策者不愿执行此类政策，因为他们担心政治反弹。但是，导致低支持水平的具体机制被广泛研究，并且缺乏实验证据。我们认为，对政策的支持取决于三个机制：（i）政策工具设计，（ii）对政府的态度以及（iii）个人对政策问题的接近程度。我们通过比较与流动性相关的七个政策措施来检验我们的论点，为此我们解释了由于这三个因素造成的支持差异。我们使用了2034个瑞士公民的全国代表性样本，并通过联合实验评估了三种公共政策支持机制的作用。结果表明，这三种机制，政策设计，对政府的态度以及亲近度都会影响公众的支持。首先，我们发现受访者对强制性基于市场的政策的支持最少，而其使用费用则与之相关。其次，那些信任政府的人倾向于支持环境和气候政策。第三，受影响最大的受访者最反对政策。探索性评估还表明，这些维度大多相互独立。但是，接近性和政策措施以及与使用有关的成本会加剧其不利影响。对决策者的影响是多种多样的：首先，考虑到最受影响人群的强烈反对，对于在广泛的反精英情绪时期避免公众对政策建议的强烈抗议至关重要。其次，为受影响最大的人提供赔偿可能是减轻眼前问题的一种方式。