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Investigation of heat-treated artefacts from Pleistocene sites
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports Pub Date : 2021-03-26 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102920
Martin Moník , Zdeňka Nerudová , Petr Schnabl

The paper presents an overview of the current state of investigation of heated and heat-treated artefacts from Pleistocene sites, the methods frequently used in such investigation, and the main goals of similar research. Heated artefacts should be targeted in pre-excavation (mostly by non-destructive surficial methods), excavation (e.g., primary visual estimation, archaeomagnetic measurements in situ), and the post-excavation phases (a range of analytical methods). Apart from distinguishing heated artefacts, we are frequently able to date them directly, distinguish deliberately heated artefacts, assess the role of heat treatment on different Pleistocene sites, and draw conclusions about the spatial organization of such sites based on the distribution of heated artefacts. Successful heat treatment made stone knapping easier, enabled pressure flaking and the formation of sharper edges. The main causes of such improvements are the closing of pores due to the formation of new bonds, the appearance of fluid inclusions with high-velocity crack propagation, and potentially neo-formed iron oxides or other fluxes in the siliceous matrix. In view of recent research, the recrystallization of silica matter or the positive role of microcracks within the siliceous matrix are less probable causes of improved flakeability. Heat treatment was a type of technological and symbolic adaptation of modern humans to the frequently hostile environments of the Pleistocene as the two spread together over the world before the onset of the Holocene. The oldest dates of the technique currently come from the Near East. Though it might have spread from there to some parts of Eurasia, polycentric invention of heat treatment in the Pleistocene must be assumed. Independent centres of development of the technique are probably southern Africa, South America or Australia – relatively isolated regions where technological influence from other areas is not evidenced.



中文翻译:

研究更新世遗址的人工制品

本文概述了来自更新世遗址的加热和热处理文物的研究现状,此类研究中常用的方法以及类似研究的主要目标。加热的文物应在开挖前(主要是通过非破坏性的表面方法),开挖(例如,初步目测估算,原地磁测量)中定位)以及挖掘后阶段(多种分析方法)。除了区分加热的人工制品外,我们经常能够直接对其进行标定日期,区分故意加热的人工制品,评估热处理在不同的更新世部位上的作用,并根据加热的人工制品的分布得出关于这些部位的空间组织的结论。成功的热处理使石材的打easier变得更容易,能够压碎并形成更锋利的边缘。产生这种改善的主要原因是由于形成了新的键而导致的孔闭合,出现具有高速裂纹扩展的流体夹杂物,以及硅质基质中潜在的新形成的氧化铁或其他助熔剂。鉴于最近的研究,二氧化硅质的重结晶或微裂纹在硅质基质中的积极作用是改善可剥落性的可能性较小。热处理是现代人类适应更新世频繁敌对环境的一种技术和象征性适应,因为两者在全新世爆发之前就已经遍布世界。该技术最古老的日期来自近东。尽管它可能已经从那里传播到了欧亚大陆的某些地方,但必须假设是在更新世进行热处理的多中心发明。该技术的独立开发中心可能在南部非洲,南美或澳大利亚-相对偏远的地区,这些地区没有其他地区的技术影响。热处理是现代人类适应更新世频繁敌对环境的一种技术和象征性适应,因为两者在全新世爆发之前就已经遍布世界。该技术最古老的日期来自近东。尽管它可能已经从那里传播到了欧亚大陆的某些地方,但必须假设是在更新世进行热处理的多中心发明。该技术的独立开发中心可能在南部非洲,南美或澳大利亚–相对偏远的地区,这些地区没有其他地区的技术影响。热处理是现代人类适应更新世频繁敌对环境的一种技术和象征性适应,因为两者在全新世爆发之前就已经遍布世界。该技术最古老的日期来自近东。尽管它可能已经从那里传播到了欧亚大陆的某些地方,但必须假设是在更新世进行热处理的多中心发明。该技术的独立开发中心可能在南部非洲,南美或澳大利亚–相对偏远的地区,这些地区没有其他地区的技术影响。该技术最早的日期来自近东。尽管它可能已经从那里传播到了欧亚大陆的某些地方,但必须假设是在更新世进行热处理的多中心发明。该技术的独立开发中心可能在南部非洲,南美或澳大利亚–相对偏远的地区,这些地区没有其他地区的技术影响。该技术最古老的日期来自近东。尽管它可能已经从那里传播到了欧亚大陆的某些地方,但必须假设是在更新世进行热处理的多中心发明。该技术的独立开发中心可能在南部非洲,南美或澳大利亚-相对偏远的地区,这些地区没有其他地区的技术影响。

更新日期:2021-03-27
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