Since Akasofu introduced the concept of the substorm in 1964, numerous refinements have been added to the phenomenological model of how auroral substorms develop. Here, we review several of the most important of these including; polar cap patches, intensifications of the Polar Activated Band (PAB) at the poleward edge of the bulge, the development of new arcs poleward, the generation of auroral streamers, the evolution of streamers into auroral torches and omega bands, the association of streamers with particle injection and BBF activity in the tail, and wedgelet-like magnetic perturbations on the ground. We also review the concept of “contact breakups” which are breakups that appear to be triggered by the arrival of streamer-like forms in the equatorward regions of the oval. Finally, we remind the community that the addition of detached sub-auroral emissions was made to the phenomenological picture of substorm develop in the late 1960s along with the concept of auroral streamers. Newer observations of detached sub-auroral (STEVE-like emissions) from the Viking/UVI and POLAR/VIS imagers are presented which confirm that they are east-west aligned bands of emission that separate away from the equatorward edge of the auroral oval in response to intensifications of the poleward edge of the bulge and subsequent streamer production. We propose a new model for the formation of detached sub-auroral (STEVE-like) emissions in which a non-linear growth of a SAPS-driven instability (e.g. like the shear-flow/ballooning instability) at the plasmapause results in the disruption of the boundary separating hot plasma sheet particle from the cold plasmaspheric plasma. It is proposed that the resulting intermixing of plasma populations leads to both the observed STEVE-like emissions and also provides a source of cold plasma on open drift paths that can feed the long-lived drainage plumes that have recently been discovered.

自1964年Akasofu提出亚暴的概念以来，极光亚暴如何发展的现象学模型已经进行了许多改进。在这里，我们回顾了其中最重要的几个，包括：极顶盖斑，隆起极向边缘的极地激活带（PAB）增强，极向新弧的发展，极光彩带的产生，彩带向极光火炬和欧米茄带的演变，彩带与尾部有粒子注入和BBF活性，地面上有楔形的磁扰动。我们还回顾了“接触破裂”的概念，这些破裂似乎是由类似拖缆形式的物体到达椭圆形的赤道区域触发的。最后，我们提醒社区，在1960年代后期，随着极光拖缆概念的发展，亚暴雨现象的现象学现象增加了独立的极光发射。呈现了来自维京/ UVI和POLAR / VIS成像器的分离的极光下（像STEVE一样的发射）的新观测结果，证实它们是东西向对准的发射带，作为响应，它们与极光椭圆的赤道边缘分开凸出部的极向边缘的加强和随后的拖缆生产。我们提出了一种新的模型，用于形成分离的耳下（STEVE样）排放，其中SAPS驱动的不稳定性呈非线性增长（例如 等离子暂停时的剪切流/膨胀不稳定性（例如剪切流/膨胀不稳定性）会导致将热等离子片状颗粒与冷等离子球体等离子体分离的边界破裂。有人提出，血浆种群的混合会导致观察到的类似STEVE的排放，而且还会在开放的漂移路径上提供冷等离子体源，可以为最近发现的长寿命排水羽提供燃料。