This paper, one of several in a special issue of the Journal of Aerosol Science on “Inhaled Aerosol Dosimetry”, covers selected methods for defining the respiratory tract anatomy required as input to inhaled aerosol deposition models, along with some applications and challenges. “Anatomy” refers to the study of biological structures and to the structures themselves. Quantitative anatomical data obtained by morphometric measurements are used in inhaled aerosol deposition dose models. The equations used in modeling calculations define the needed specific quantitative anatomy input, whether the model is deterministic, stochastic, semi-empirical, or computational fluid dynamics based. Replica airway casts are widely used for defining airway morphology, and for making hollow models to validate deposition calculations. The parameters measured on casts, e.g., airway lengths, diameters, branching and gravity angles, alveolar shapes, and generational linkages do not capture some important airway details, such as bifurcation shapes, airway motion, deviations from airway smoothness, and non-uniform airway tube diameters. These details can affect inhaled aerosol fates. Advances in methods for scanning airways in living subjects or in non-dissected excised lungs have overcome many of the problems associated with replica cast morphometry, but limitations remain with respect to providing linked airway regions, capturing airway motion, and resolving fine structural detail. There are also needs for cast measurements and scans that represent additional animal species and normal variations within species and individuals. Other methods for defining airway anatomy, such as serial sectioning of fixed or frozen tissue, planar x-ray imaging, and bolus aerosol inhalation, also provide useful airway anatomical data. Along with advances in aerosol dynamics, the current state of understanding airway anatomy is adequate for modeling many medical and environmental exposure cases. However, it appears that advances in understanding respiratory tract anatomy and physiology have lagged behind advances in the quality of aerosol science used in current inhaled aerosol deposition models, with the exception of dynamic and/or multi-component aerosol systems (e.g., cigarette smoke). Accordingly, for anatomists and aerosol scientists working on inhaled aerosol dose models both challenges and opportunities lie ahead for addressing remaining anatomical issues of concern.

本文是《气溶胶科学杂志》特刊中的几本“吸入式气溶胶剂量法”的内容涵盖了用于定义作为吸入式气溶胶沉积模型的输入所需的呼吸道解剖结构的选定方法，以及一些应用和挑战。“解剖学”是指对生物结构及其结构本身的研究。通过形态测量获得的定量解剖数据被用于吸入气溶胶沉积剂量模型。建模计算中使用的方程式定义了所需的特定定量解剖输入，无论模型是基于确定性，随机，半经验还是基于计算流体动力学的。复制气道铸件广泛用于定义气道形态，并用于制作空心模型以验证沉积计算。在石膏上测量的参数，例如气道长度，直径，分支和重力角，牙槽形状，和世代相联并未捕获一些重要的气道细节，例如分叉形状，气道运动，气道平滑度偏差以及气道管直径不均匀。这些细节可能会影响吸入的气溶胶命运。在活体受试者或未解剖的切除的肺中扫描气道的方法的进步克服了许多与仿形铸造形态相关的问题，但是在提供相连的气道区域，捕获气道运动以及解决精细的结构细节方面仍然存在局限性。还需要演员表测量和扫描，以代表其他动物物种以及物种和个体内的正常变异。定义气道解剖结构的其他方法，例如固定或冷冻组织的连续切片，平面X射线成像以及推注气雾剂吸入，还提供有用的气道解剖数据。随着气雾动力学的发展，目前对气道解剖结构的了解足以用于对许多医疗和环境暴露病例进行建模。但是，除了动态和/或多组分气溶胶系统（例如香烟烟雾）外，在了解呼吸道解剖学和生理学方面的进展似乎落后于当前吸入气溶胶沉积模型中使用的气溶胶科学质量的进展。 。因此，对于致力于吸入气溶胶剂量模型的解剖学家和气溶胶科学家而言，解决剩下的解剖学问题仍面临挑战和机遇。目前对气道解剖结构的了解足以用于对许多医疗和环境暴露病例进行建模。但是，除了动态和/或多组分气溶胶系统（例如香烟烟雾）外，在了解呼吸道解剖学和生理学方面的进展似乎落后于当前吸入气溶胶沉积模型中使用的气溶胶科学质量的进展。 。因此，对于致力于吸入气溶胶剂量模型的解剖学家和气溶胶科学家而言，解决剩下的解剖学问题仍面临挑战和机遇。目前对气道解剖结构的了解足以用于对许多医疗和环境暴露病例进行建模。但是，除了动态和/或多组分气溶胶系统（例如香烟烟雾）外，在了解呼吸道解剖学和生理学方面的进展似乎落后于当前吸入气溶胶沉积模型中使用的气溶胶科学质量的进展。 。因此，对于致力于吸入气溶胶剂量模型的解剖学家和气溶胶科学家而言，解决剩下的解剖学问题仍面临挑战和机遇。除动态和/或多组分气雾系统（例如香烟烟雾）外。因此，对于致力于吸入气溶胶剂量模型的解剖学家和气溶胶科学家而言，解决剩下的解剖学问题仍面临挑战和机遇。除动态和/或多组分气雾系统（例如香烟烟雾）外。因此，对于致力于吸入气溶胶剂量模型的解剖学家和气溶胶科学家而言，解决剩下的解剖学问题仍面临挑战和机遇。