Virtual reality (VR) experiences are receiving increasing attention in education and training. Some VR setups can deliver immersive VR training (e.g., on multiple projected screens), while others can deliver nonimmersive VR training (e.g., on standard desktop monitors). Recently, consumer VR headsets make it possible to deliver immersive VR training with six-degrees-of-freedom tracking of trainees’ head as well as hand controllers, while most smartphones can deliver nonimmersive VR training without the need for additional hardware. Previous studies compared immersive and nonimmersive VR setups for training, highlighting effects on performance, learning, presence, and engagement, but no study focused on contrasting procedural training with (immersive) VR headsets and (nonimmersive) smartphones. This article conducts a comparison of these two VR setups in the aviation safety domain. The considered training concerned door opening procedures in different aircraft and included a virtual instructor. In addition, we compared the two VR setups with the traditional printed materials used in the considered domain, i.e., safety cards. Results show that both VR setups allowed gaining and retaining more procedural knowledge than printed materials, and led to higher confidence in performing procedures. However, only the VR headset was considered to be significantly more usable than the printed materials, and presence was higher with the VR headset than the smartphone. The VR headset turned out to be important also for engagement and satisfaction, which were higher with the VR headset than both the printed materials and the smartphone. We discuss the implications of these results.

中文翻译：

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虚拟现实耳机，智能手机和印刷材料三种条件下的程序安全培训的比较

虚拟现实（VR）体验在教育和培训中越来越受到关注。一些VR设置可以提供身临其境的VR训练（例如，在多个投影屏幕上），而其他VR设置可以提供非身临其境的VR训练（例如，在标准台式机显示器上）。最近，消费者VR头戴式耳机通过对学员头部和手控制器的六自由度跟踪，提供了身临其境的VR训练的能力，而大多数智能手机无需额外的硬件即可提供非身临其境的VR训练。先前的研究将沉浸式和非沉浸式VR设置进行了培训比较，强调了对性能，学习，存在和参与度的影响，但没有研究关注将沉浸式VR头戴式耳机和（非沉浸式）智能手机的程序培训进行对比。本文在航空安全领域对这两种VR设置进行了比较。考虑的培训涉及不同飞机上的开门程序，并包括一名虚拟教练。此外，我们将两种VR设置与所考虑领域中使用的传统印刷材料（即安全卡）进行了比较。结果表明，两种VR设置都比印刷材料允许获得和保留更多的程序知识，并提高了执行程序的信心。但是，只有VR头戴式耳机被认为比印刷材料具有更高的可用性，并且VR头戴式耳机的出现率高于智能手机。事实证明，VR头盔对于参与度和满意度也很重要，与打印材料和智能手机相比，VR头盔要高得多。