The high demand for food consequently increases the entry of agricultural residues into water resources, and this phenomenon can affect non-target organisms in different ways. Environmentally relevant pesticide effects (per se or in combinations) are scarce in the scientific literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the presence of pesticide residues in an important Brazilian source of water supply and power generation (Jacuí river), during 1 year of monitoring. (2) in a laboratory study verify the effects of the most frequently, herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide found in Jacuí river (individualized or in a mixture) on biochemical parameters in different tissues of Oreochromis niloticus. Twenty pesticide residues were detected in superficial water samples, and two of them are banned in Brazilian territory. Atrazine (0.56 µg L⁻¹), azoxystrobin (0.024 µg L⁻¹), and imidacloprid (0.11 µg L⁻¹) were the most frequently herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide, respectively, found in the river and were used in the laboratory assay. O. niloticus exposed to the pesticide mixture exhibited more biochemical effects than individualized exposure groups. This response can be a result of the combined pesticide effects, culminating in an additive or synergistic effect, depending on the biomarker. In individual exposure groups, atrazine presented the most pronounced alterations, followed by azoxystrobin and imidacloprid. Overall, pesticide exposure increased levels of oxidative stress parameters, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and induced acetylcholinesterase activity. These findings highlight the threat to aquatic organisms which may be exposed to a miscellaneous of toxic compounds in the environment.

因此，对食物的高需求增加了农业残留物进入水资源的机会，这种现象可能以不同方式影响非目标生物。在科学文献中缺乏与环境有关的农药作用（本身或组合作用）。因此，本研究的目的是调查：（1）在监测的1年中，巴西重要的水供应和发电来源（Jacuí河）中存在农药残留。（2）在一项实验室研究中，验证了Jacuí河（个体或混合）中发现的最常见的除草剂，杀真菌剂和杀虫剂对尼罗罗非鱼不同组织中生化参数的影响。在地表水样品中检测到20种农药残留，其中有2种在巴西领土被禁止。r去津（0.56 µg L ^-1），嘧菌酯（0.024 µg L ^-1）和吡虫啉（0.11 µg L ^-1）分别是在河中发现的最常见的除草剂，杀真菌剂和杀虫剂，并在实验室中使用。分析。尼罗罗非鱼暴露于农药混合物中所表现出的生化作用要大于个体暴露组。这种反应可能是农药综合作用的结果，最终取决于生物标志物的累加或协同作用。在单独的暴露组中，阿特拉津表现出最明显的变化，其次是嘧菌酯和吡虫啉。总体而言，农药暴露增加了氧化应激参数的水平，降低了抗氧化酶的活性，并诱导了乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性。这些发现凸显了对水生生物的威胁，水生生物可能会暴露于环境中的各种有毒化合物中。