Abstract

With wider use of graphene-based materials and other two-dimensional (2 D) materials in various fields, including electronics, composites, biomedicine, etc., 2 D materials can trigger undesired effects at cellular, tissue and organ level. Macrophages can be found in many organs. They are one of the most important cells in the immune system and they are relevant in the study of nanomaterials as they phagocytose them. Nanomaterials have multi-faceted effects on phagocytic immune cells like macrophages, showing signs of inflammation in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokine or reactive oxidation species production, or upregulation of activation markers due to the presence of these foreign bodies. This review is catered to researchers interested in the potential impact and toxicity of 2 D materials, particularly in macrophages, focusing on few-layer graphene, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, as well as other promising 2 D materials containing molybdenum, manganese, boron, phosphorus and tungsten. We describe applications relevant to the growing area of 2 D materials research, and the possible risks of ions and molecules used in the production of these promising 2 D materials, or those produced by the degradation and dissolution of 2 D materials.

摘要

随着石墨烯基材料和其他二维（2D）材料在电子，复合材料，生物医学等各个领域的广泛使用，二维D材料可能在细胞，组织和器官水平触发不良作用。巨噬细胞存在于许多器官中。它们是免疫系统中最重要的细胞之一，在吞噬它们的过程中与纳米材料的研究相关。纳米材料对诸如巨噬细胞之类的吞噬免疫细胞具有多方面的作用，以促炎性细胞因子或反应性氧化物质的产生或由于这些异物的存在而激活标记上调的形式显示出炎症迹象。这篇评论是针对对2D材料（尤其是巨噬细胞）的潜在影响和毒性感兴趣的研究人员的，重点研究几层石墨烯，氧化石墨烯，石墨烯量子点以及其他有希望的包含钼，锰，硼，磷和钨的2D材料。我们描述了与2D材料研究的增长领域相关的应用，以及在这些有前途的2D材料的生产中使用的离子和分子的潜在风险，或由2D材料的降解和溶解产生的离子和分子的潜在风险。