In celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Korean Physical Society Astrophysics Division, reflecting on the progress in cosmic-ray astrophysics seems worthwhile. Significant advances have been made in cosmic-ray measurements in recent years, particularly with successful space missions and long-duration balloon flights over Antarctica. The high precision data from these missions over a wide energy range led to surprising new discoveries, such as an excess of positrons at high energies and hardening of the elemental spectra. These unexpected spectral features present significant challenges for Galactic cosmic-ray models on their origin, propagation, and acceleration. This paper focuses on a few key findings, discussing direct measurements of cosmic rays from space-based and high-altitude balloon-borne experiments.

为庆祝韩国物理学会天体物理学分会成立25周年，反思宇宙射线天体物理学的进展似乎是值得的。近年来，在宇宙射线测量方面取得了重大进展，尤其是在成功完成太空飞行任务和在南极上空进行了长时间的气球飞行之后。这些任务在较宽的能量范围内获得的高精度数据导致了令人惊讶的新发现，例如高能量下的正电子过量以及元素光谱的硬化。这些意外的光谱特征对银河系宇宙射线模型的起源，传播和加速度提出了重大挑战。本文着重于一些关键发现，讨论了来自天基和高空气球载实验的宇宙射线的直接测量。