Abstract

We examine whether integrating men and women in a traditionally male-dominated environment can change men's attitudes about mixed-gender productivity, gender roles, and gender identity. Our context is the military in Norway, where we randomly assigned female recruits to some squads but not others during boot camp. We find that living and working with women for eight weeks causes men to have more egalitarian attitudes. There is a 14 percentage point higher fraction of men who think mixed-gender teams perform as well or better than same-gender teams, an 8 percentage point increase in men who think household work should be shared equally, and a 14 percentage point increase in men who do not completely disavow feminine traits. Moreover, men in mixed-gender teams are more likely to choose military occupations immediately after boot camp that have a higher fraction of women in them. But these effects do not persist once treatment stops. Treated men’s attitudes converge to those of the controls in a six-month follow-up survey, and there is no long-term effect on choosing fields of study, occupations, or workplaces with a higher fraction of women after military service ends. Contrary to the predictions of many policy makers, we do not find that integrating women into squads hurt male recruits’ performance or satisfaction with service, either during boot camp or their subsequent military assignment. These findings provide evidence that even in a highly gender-skewed environment, gender stereotypes are malleable and can be altered by integrating members of the opposite sex. But they also suggest that without continuing intensive exposure, effects are unlikely to persist.

中文翻译：

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整合会改变性别观念吗？随机分配女性参加传统男性TeaMS的影响*

摘要

我们研究了在传统上以男性为主导的环境中整合男人和女人是否可以改变男人对混合性别生产力，性别角色和性别认同的态度。我们的背景是挪威的军队，我们在新兵训练营中将女性新兵随机分配给一些小分队，而不是其他小分队。我们发现与妇女一起生活和工作八周会导致男人具有更平等的态度。认为混合性别团队的表现好于或优于相同性别团队的男性比例增加了14个百分点，认为家庭工作应平均分配的男性比例增加了8个百分点，而认为家庭工作应平均分配的男性比例增加了14个百分点。没有完全否认女性特征的男人。而且，混合性别团队中的男性更有可能在新兵训练营后立即选择军事职业，其中女性所占比例更高。但是一旦停止治疗，这些作用就不会持续。经过为期六个月的跟踪调查，经过治疗的男性的态度与对照组的态度趋同，并且在服兵役结束后，对于选择学习领域，职业或工作场所中女性比例更高的工作场所，不会产生长期影响。与许多决策者的预测相反，我们没有发现将妇女纳入小队会损害新兵在新兵训练营或随后的军事任务中的表现或对服务的满意度。这些发现提供了证据，即使在高度性别偏见的环境中，性别定型观念也是可塑的，并且可以通过整合异性成员来改变。