ABSTRACT

This article studies the creation and consolidation of a trademark system tantamount to market integration and commercial specialization of Spanish regions from 1850 to 1920. We analyse the first 47,000 registrations, their geographical distribution and the drivers behind this trademark expansion. By using a lineal probability model, we find that knowledge spillovers across regions are associated with their relative trademark specialization and diversification. We incorporate the role played by transport infrastructure by calculating generalized transport costs. The results clarify the origins and evolution of geographical differences in commercial innovation and regional specialization in the first country to institute modern trademark legislation.

摘要

本文研究了 1850 年至 1920 年间西班牙地区的市场整合和商业专业化的商标系统的创建和整合。我们分析了前 47,000 份注册、它们的地理分布以及商标扩张背后的驱动因素。通过使用线性概率模型，我们发现跨地区的知识溢出与其相对的商标专业化和多样化相关。我们通过计算广义运输成本来纳入运输基础设施所起的作用。结果阐明了第一个建立现代商标立法的国家在商业创新和区域专业化方面的地域差异的起源和演变。