The aim of this study was to examine whether exposure to previous traumatic events is a risk factor for stress reactions during this pandemic. Capitalizing on a 29-year longitudinal study of Israeli ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and combat veterans, we examined whether captivity is a risk factor for fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID-19-induced acute stress disorder (COVID-19 ASD) beyond the effects of combat exposure and other stressful life events. In addition, we examined the contribution of captivity experiences (severity of captivity, experience of solitary confinement, and suffering during captivity) and veterans' appraisal of the impact of their war-related experiences on adjustment to the current quarantine and isolation to fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 ASD.

One-hundred-and-twenty Israeli ex-POWs from 1973 Yom Kippur War and 65 matched controls (combat veterans from the same war) filled out self-report questionnaires 18 (T1), 35 (T2), 42 (T3), and 47 (T4) years after the war.

Findings revealed that although ex-POWs and controls did not differ in their level of exposure to COVID-19, ex-POWS reported higher levels of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 ASD than controls. Suffering during captivity, measured at 1991, and participants' appraisal of the extent to which their war-related experiences affected adjustment to COVID-19 were significantly associated with fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 ASD.

The findings of the study demonstrate the long-term effects of exposure to traumatic experiences (captivity) during young adulthood on adjustment to an unrelated collective stress, such as COVID-19, 40 years later.

本研究的目的是探讨之前经历的创伤事件是否是此次大流行期间应激反应的危险因素。利用对以色列前战俘 (ex-POW) 和退伍军人进行的 29 年纵向研究，我们研究了囚禁是否是担心 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 和 COVID-19 引发的急性传染病的风险因素。应激障碍 (COVID-19 ASD) 的影响超出了战斗暴露和其他压力生活事件的影响。此外，我们还研究了囚禁经历（囚禁的严重程度、单独监禁的经历和囚禁期间的痛苦）的贡献，以及退伍军人对其与战争相关的经历对适应当前隔离和隔离以应对新冠病毒恐惧的影响的评估-19 和 COVID-19 自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD)。

120 名 1973 年赎罪日战争的以色列前战俘和 65 名匹配对照者（来自同一场战争的退伍军人）填写了自我报告问卷 18 (T1)、35 (T2)、42 (T3) 和战后 47 (T4) 年。

调查结果显示，虽然前战俘和对照者接触 COVID-19 的程度没有差异，但前战俘报告的对 COVID-19 和 COVID-19 ASD 的恐惧程度高于对照组。 1991 年测量的囚禁期间的痛苦以及参与者对其战争相关经历影响对 COVID-19 适应程度的评估与对 COVID-19 和 COVID-19 自闭症谱系障碍的恐惧显着相关。

该研究的结果表明，成年早期接触创伤性经历（圈养）对 40 年后适应不相关的集体压力（例如 COVID-19）的长期影响。