This review aims to summarize the rapidly emerging field of real-time stress monitoring by focusing on early breakthroughs and critical developments in portable and wearable cortisol sensors. Here, brief, albeit comprehensive, information on technological advances and current state-of-the-art concepts on real-time cortisol sensing are provided. Specific examples where materials include up-to-date information related to complex sensing conditions, and methodologies, are pieced together. Examples of electrochemical cortisol sensing are categorized by sample types, focusing on sensing from body fluids in vitro and wearable sensors, which have attracted significant interest due to their integration with everyday life activity. The overall progress made to date in building such conceptualized efforts for real-time, continuous monitoring of cortisol and the future of the field is discussed.

这篇综述旨在通过关注便携式和可穿戴皮质醇传感器的早期突破和关键发展，来总结实时应力监测的快速发展领域。这里，提供了关于技术进步的简短（尽管全面）的信息，以及有关实时皮质醇感测的当前最新概念。材料包括与复杂感测条件和方法有关的最新信息的特定示例拼凑而成。电化学皮质醇感测的示例按样品类型进行分类，重点是体外体液感测和可穿戴式传感器，由于它们与日常生活活动的融合，引起了人们极大的兴趣。迄今为止，在为实时，