Objective

The present study assessed physico-chemical, techno-functional, thermal and textural characteristics of propolis samples (n = 30) collected from four Northern zones of India.

Methods

The propolis samples were analyzed according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) official protocols for their ash, moisture, and protein content. Soxtech, Fiber tech, Hunter LAB Colorimeter, TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer, Thermo gravimetric Analyzer, Discovery DSC 25 have been used to assess the crude fat, fibre content, colour, texture and thermal properties, respectively.

Results and conclusions

Physico-chemical properties of propolis differed significantly (p < 0.05) and reportedthe highest balsam content (47.66%), protein (9.41%) and wax content (22.9%) in Punjab propolis (PP) where as the moisture content and water activity ranged from 4.89 to 7.37% and 0.73–0.81, respectively in propolis samples. Regarding techno-functional properties, PP had highest oil holding capacity (1.09–1.90 g/g), foaming capacity (11.08–17.03%), foam stability (67.3–75.43%), emulsifying activity (4.18–7.62%), and emulsion stability (3.24–4.77%). The positive a* and b* values of colour in this investigation indicated that the samples from all four zones lied in reddish yellowish areas of LAB colour space and relatively dull or gray as indicated by chroma values. Results of texture profile analysis demonstrated that all propolis samples were hard, cohesive, chewy and showed resilience. Differential scanning calorimetry predicted semi-crystalline behaviours of all samples. Three principal components, accounting for 98.95% variation were abstracted from fourteen physiochemical, seven techno-functional, seven textural and four thermal variables. Further, hierarchical cluster analysis successfully classified the propolis samples into four zones.

中文翻译：

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基于理化性质，技术功能，热性质和组织性质的印度蜂胶的表征和鉴别：多变量方法

客观的

本研究评估了从印度北部四个地区采集的蜂胶样品（n = 30）的理化，技术功能，热和质地特征。

方法

根据官方分析化学家协会（AOAC）的官方协议对蜂胶样品的灰分，水分和蛋白质含量进行了分析。Soxtech，Fiber tech，Hunter LAB比色计，TA.XT2i纹理分析仪，热重分析仪，Discovery DSC 25已分别用于评估粗脂肪，纤维含量，颜色，质地和热性能。

结果与结论

蜂胶的理化特性差异显着（p  <0.05），据报道，旁遮普蜂胶（PP）的香脂含量（47.66％），蛋白质（9.41％）和蜡含量（22.9％）最高，其水分含量和水分活度在一定范围内。在蜂胶样品中分别从4.89％降至7.37％和0.73-0.81％。就技术功能特性而言，PP的储油量最高（1.09–1.90 g /g），起泡能力（11.08–17.03％），泡沫稳定性（67.3–75.43％），乳化活性（4.18–7.62％）和乳液稳定性（3.24–4.77％）。在这项研究中，颜色的正a *和b *值表明，来自所有四个区域的样品都位于LAB颜色空间的淡红色黄色区域中，并且相对较暗或呈灰色，如色度值所示。质地轮廓分析结果表明，所有蜂胶样品均坚硬，内聚，耐嚼并具有回弹力。差示扫描量热法预测了所有样品的半结晶行为。从十四个理化，七个技术功能，七个结构和四个热变量中提取了三个主要成分，占98.95％的变化。此外，层次聚类分析成功地将蜂胶样品分为四个区域。