Wild-type Hyalella azteca are highly sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides and typically do not survive exposure; however, pyrethroid bioaccumulation by insecticide-resistant H. azteca is an important potential risk factor for the transfer of pyrethroids to higher trophic species in aquatic systems. In the current study, four populations of pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca with corresponding sediment samples were sampled throughout the year, and nine-current use pyrethroids (tefluthrin, fenpropathrin, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate and deltamethrin) were measured. Bifenthrin was detected in every pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca tissue sample, up to 813 ng/g lipid, while cyhalothrin and permethrin were detected in fewer (18 and 28%, respectively) samples. Concurrent sampling of the sediment showed total pyrethroid concentrations exceeding toxic unit thresholds for non-resistant H. azteca survival, and confirmed the ubiquitous presence of bifenthrin at each site and sampling event. Bifenthrin concentrations in H. azteca tended to be higher in samples collected in winter months, and seasonal factors, such as temperature and rainfall, may have contributed to the noted differences in bioaccumulation. Finally, the bifenthrin and permethrin biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) for pyrethroid-resistant H. azteca were similar to the BSAF values for less sensitive invertebrates, and therefore the development of resistance may enable an additional pathway for trophic transfer of pyrethroids in species that would otherwise be too sensitive to survive the exposure.

野生型透明质透明质酸对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高度敏感，通常不能幸免于暴露。然而，耐杀虫剂阿兹台克人对拟除虫菊酯的生物蓄积是拟除虫菊酯向水生系统中较高营养物种转移的重要潜在危险因素。在当前的研究中，全年采样了四个具有拟除虫菊酯抗药性的阿兹台克人种群，并附有相应的沉积物样品，并共使用了九种目前使用的拟除虫菊酯（氟虫菊酯，联苯丙菊酯，联苯菊酯，氯氟氰菊酯，氯菊酯，氯氟氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，艾芬戊酸酯和溴氰菊酯）。测量。在每一种对拟除虫菊酯有抗药性的阿兹台克人中都检测到联苯菊酯组织样品中，脂类含量高达813 ng / g，而在较少（分别为18％和28％）样品中检出了氟氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯。同时进行的沉积物采样显示，拟除虫菊酯的总浓度超过了非抗性阿兹台克人存活的毒性单位阈值，并确认了在每个地点和采样事件中普遍存在联苯菊酯的存在。在冬季收集的样本中，阿兹台克人中联苯菊酯的浓度往往较高，而季节性因素（例如温度和降雨）可能是造成生物蓄积差异的重要原因。最后，联苯菊酯和苄氯菊酯生物沉积物积聚因子（BSAF）对拟除虫菊酯有抗药性的阿兹台克人 与不太敏感的无脊椎动物的BSAF值相似，因此抗药性的发展可能为拟除虫菊酯在营养中的营养传递提供了一条额外的途径，否则该物种将非常敏感而无法承受暴露。