ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Despite extensive advances in the production and synthesis of antibiotics, infectious diseases are one of the main problems of the 21st century due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) distributing in organisms. Therefore, researchers in nanotechnology have focused on new strategies to formulate and synthesis the different types of nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial properties.

Areas covered:

The present review focuses on nanoparticles which are divided into two groups, organic (micelles, liposomes, polymer-based and lipid-based NPs) and inorganic (metals and metal oxides). NPs can penetrate the cell wall then destroy permeability of cell membrane, the structure and function of cell macromolecules by producing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eventually kill the bacteria. Moreover, their characteristics and mechanism in various bacteria especially MDR bacteria and finally their biocompatibility and the factors affecting their activity have been discussed.

Expert opinion:

Nanotechnology has led to higher drug absorption, targeted drug delivery and fewer side effects. NPs can overcome MDR through affecting several targets in the bacteria cell and synergistically increase the effectiveness of current antibiotics. Moreover, organic NPs with regard to their biodegradability and biocompatibility characteristics can be suitable agents for medical applications. However, they are less stable in environment in comparison to inorganic NPs.

摘要

简介：

尽管抗生素的生产和合成取得了广泛进展，但由于多重耐药性 (MDR) 在生物体内分布，传染病仍是 21 世纪的主要问题之一。因此，纳米技术的研究人员专注于配制和合成具有抗菌特性的不同类型纳米颗粒 (NP) 的新策略。

涵盖领域：

本综述侧重于纳米粒子，它们分为两组，有机（胶束、脂质体、聚合物基和脂质基纳米粒子）和无机（金属和金属氧化物）。NPs可以穿透细胞壁，通过产生活性氧（ROS）破坏细胞膜的通透性、细胞大分子的结构和功能，最终杀死细菌。此外，还讨论了它们在各种细菌尤其是耐多药细菌中的特性和机制，最后讨论了它们的生物相容性和影响其活性的因素。

专家意见：

纳米技术导致更高的药物吸收、靶向药物递送和更少的副作用。NPs 可以通过影响细菌细胞中的几个靶点来克服 MDR，并协同增加当前抗生素的有效性。此外，有机 NPs 的生物降解性和生物相容性特征可以成为医疗应用的合适试剂。然而，与无机纳米颗粒相比，它们在环境中的稳定性较差。