1. Alien invasive aquatic macrophytes tend to displace native species and transform diverse macrophyte communities into monospecific stands. It is often thought that superior competitiveness allows alien invaders to achieve this.
2. Cabomba caroliniana is a submersed macrophyte that is highly invasive worldwide and frequently monopolises habitats. However, field observations in Queensland, Australia, found that the native floating attached Nymphoides indica can co‐exist with C. caroliniana, highlighting N. indica as a potential candidate for habitat restoration. To identify factors and processes that regulate the coexistence of these species, we conducted a field survey and two experiments in artificial mesocosms.
3. We found that N. indica leaf areal coverage of the water surface significantly reduced C. caroliniana standing crop biomass in the field. C. caroliniana growth was also linked to water depth; N. indica was not able to grow beyond 2 m depth. There was a small reduction in N. indica root and shoot biomass when co‐cultured with C. caroliniana in our experiment. Therefore, there was reciprocal competitive inhibition between the two species. However, the effect of N. indica on C. caroliniana was much larger.
4. There was evidence that a reduction of C. caroliniana biomass below a threshold of c. 300 g dry mass/m is critical for protecting native submersed macrophyte diversity and abundance. Once C. caroliniana biomass exceeds this threshold, it dominates plant communities and forms high biomass monocultures. The experimental work identified shading as the most important factor that reduces C. caroliniana biomass, corroborating the relationship between leaf areal cover and C. caroliniana biomass found in the field.
5. Based on these findings, N. indica could be useful for restoring the shallow lake littoral habitat, because it suppresses biomass of the invasive species to a level that allows other macrophytes to coexist and additionally increases habitat heterogeneity. Similarly, N. indica could be suitable to restore areas where C. caroliniana was previously removed to reduce the likelihood of future habitat monopolisation by C. caroliniana and realise long‐term ecological benefits from invasive macrophyte management.

中文翻译：

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外来入侵的大型植物被遮盖了：天然浮叶大型植物Nymphoides indica通过争夺光而降低了Cabomba caroliniana的生长性能

1. 外来入侵水生植物趋向于取代本地物种，并将各种大型植物群落转变为单种林。人们通常认为，优越的竞争力使外来入侵者能够实现这一目标。
2. Cabomba caroliniana是一种浸没的大型植物，在世界范围内具有极强的入侵性，并且经常是垄断地带。然而，在澳大利亚昆士兰州的实地观察，发现外来流动附着荇籼稻可以共存与鱼草，突出N.籼稻作为栖息地恢复的潜在候选。为了确定调节这些物种共存的因素和过程，我们进行了田野调查和两个人工模拟宇宙实验。
3. 我们发现，N稻叶片在水表面的覆盖面积显着降低了田野中卡罗来纳州立作物的生物量。C. caroliniana的生长也与水深有关。in猪笼草不能生长超过2 m的深度。在我们的实验中，与C. caroliniana共培养时，N稻根和茎生物量略有减少。因此，两个物种之间存在相互竞争抑制作用。但是，印度猪笼草对卡罗来纳州烟草的影响要大得多。
4. 有证据表明，在低于阈值c的情况下，C。caroliniana的生物量 减少了。300 g干质量/ m对于保护天然沉没大型植物的多样性和丰度至关重要。一旦C. caroliniana生物量超过该阈值，它将主导植物群落并形成高生物量的单一培养物。实验工作将阴影确定为减少卡罗来纳州生物量的最重要因素，从而证实了叶面积覆盖和田间发现的卡罗来纳州生物量之间的关系。
5. 基于这些发现，N猪笼草可用于恢复浅湖沿岸生境，因为它可以将入侵物种的生物量抑制到允许其他大型植物共存并增加生境异质性的水平。同样，N猪笼草可能适合于恢复先前已被卡罗来纳州去除的地区，以减少卡罗来纳州未来栖息地垄断的可能性，并从侵入性大植物管理中获得长期的生态效益。