Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) are extensively used in cosmetics, food, and drug delivery. The main mechanism of SiO₂NPs toxicities depends on oxidative stress. Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is used in various medicinal applications because of its antioxidant efficiency. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the possible combated role of ginseng against SiO₂NPs toxicity in rat liver. Thirty-five male rats (160–180 g) were allocated into five groups of seven rats each, randomly. The first group was used as a control while groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were treated orally with ginseng (Gin; 75 mg/kg, 1/10 LD₅₀), SiO₂NPs, (200 mg/kg, 1/10 LD₅₀), Gin + SiO₂NPs (protection group), and SiO₂NPs + Gin (therapeutic group) for 5 weeks, respectively. Treatment with SiO₂NPs increased lipid peroxidation, liver function enzymes, and decreased antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST) activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) level. SiO₂NPs administration motivated liver apoptosis as revealed by the upregulation of the apoptotic genes, Bcl2-associated x protein (Bax), and Beclin 1 and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) as well as increase in DNA damage. Also, SiO₂NPs administration caused inflammation as indicated by upregulation of the inflammation-related genes (interleukin 1 beta [IL1β], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNFα], nuclear factor kappa B [NFκB], cyclooxygenase 2 [Cox2], transforming growth factor-beta 1 [TGFβ1]) as well as cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase of liver cells. Moreover, histopathological examination proved the biochemical and molecular perturbations occurred due to SiO₂NPs toxicity. On the other hand, ginseng caused a significant modulation on the deleterious effects induced by SiO₂NPs in rat liver. In conclusion, ginseng has a potent preventive effect than the therapeutic one and might be used in the treatment of SiO₂NPs hepatotoxicity.

中文翻译：

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人参调节二氧化硅纳米颗粒诱导的大鼠氧化应激、DNA 损伤、细胞凋亡和炎症

二氧化硅纳米粒子 (SiO ₂ NPs) 广泛用于化妆品、食品和药物输送。SiO ₂ NPs 毒性的主要机制取决于氧化应激。人参（Panax ginseng Meyer）因其抗氧化功效而被用于各种医药应用。因此，本研究旨在研究人参对大鼠肝脏中 SiO ₂ NPs 毒性的可能对抗作用。将 35 只雄性大鼠（160-180 克）随机分为五组，每组 7 只。第一组用作对照，而第 2、3、4 和 5 组用人参（Gin；75 mg/kg，1/10 LD ₅₀）、SiO ₂ NPs（200 mg/kg，1/ 10 LD ₅₀)、Gin + SiO ₂ NPs（保护组）和 SiO ₂ NPs + Gin（治疗组）分别持续 5 周。用SiO ₂ NPs处理增加脂质过氧化、肝功能酶，并降低抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、GPx、GST）活性和非酶抗氧化（​​GSH）水平。的SiO _2个纳米颗粒给药所揭示的所述凋亡基因的上调，Bcl2的相关X蛋白（动机肝细胞凋亡Bax蛋白），和自噬基因Beclin 1和抗凋亡基因，B细胞淋巴瘤2（下调的Bcl2）以及增加在 DNA 损伤中。此外，SiO ₂NPs 给药引起炎症，如炎症相关基因（白细胞介素 1β [ IL1β ]、肿瘤坏死因子-α [ TNFα ]、核因子κB [ NFκB ]、环氧合酶 2 [ Cox2 ]、转化生长因子-β）的上调所示1 [ TGFβ1 ]) 以及肝细胞 G0/G1 期的细胞周期停滞。此外，组织病理学检查证明由于 SiO ₂ NPs 的毒性而发生了生化和分子扰动。另一方面，人参对 SiO ₂引起的有害影响产生了显着的调节作用。大鼠肝脏中的 NP。总之，人参具有比治疗更有效的预防作用，可用于治疗 SiO ₂ NPs 肝毒性。