Globally, hundreds of millions of people still drink untreated surface water due to the lack of even a basic drinking water service and urgently need economical off-grid water treatment devices. A passive, single-stage, permeate-side-heated solar thermal membrane distillation system is developed for extracting potable water from seawater, surface water, and municipal wastewater. The carbon black-coated permeate side of a 0.45 μm PVDF membrane absorbs solar radiation and evaporates the feedwater within the pores of the membrane. Under natural sunlight, the distillate flux was 8.56 kg/(m²·day) at an average daytime irradiance of 652 W/m², equivalent to the system energy efficiency of 67.5%, the highest so far for single-stage solar distillation under natural sunlight. This system removed all the heterotrophic bacteria, 99.9% turbidity, and 99.6% chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater and reduced electrical conductivity by 99.9% from seawater, during the first 8 h of operation under simulated sunlight (1800 W/m²). The operation continued for 32, 18, and 10 days on average for seawater, canal water, and wastewater, respectively, until the feedwater penetrated the membrane. Throughout long-term experiments, the distillate had a decreasing flux within 0.98–1.55 kg/(m²·h), a steady pH of 7.2–7.9, a steady turbidity of 0.09–0.21 NTU, a steady electrical conductivity within 0.003–0.451 mS/cm, and an increasing COD within 1.9–9.2 mg/L regardless of the type of feedwater. Comprehensive water quality tests show that the distillate extracted from all types of feedwater meets U.S. drinking water standards for total coliform, 22 heavy metals and minerals, 7 anions, 5 physical factors, and 50 volatile organic compounds and will be safe to drink in real-world applications.

中文翻译：

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被动渗透侧加热的太阳能热膜蒸馏：以高单级太阳能效率从海水，地表水和市政废水中提取饮用水

由于缺乏基本的饮用水服务，全球仍有数亿人饮用未经处理的地表水，因此迫切需要经济的离网水处理设备。开发了一种被动式，单级，渗透侧加热的太阳能热膜蒸馏系统，用于从海水，地表水和市政废水中提取饮用水。0.45μmPVDF膜的炭黑涂层渗透物一侧吸收太阳辐射并蒸发膜孔中的给水。在自然阳光下，在日平均照度为652 W / m ^2的情况下，馏出物通量为8.56 kg /（m ² ·day）。，相当于系统能效67.5％，是迄今为止在自然阳光下单级太阳能蒸馏的最高效率。该系统在模拟阳光下（1800 W / m ²）运行的前8小时内，去除了废水中的所有异养细菌，99.9％的浊度和99.6％的化学需氧量（COD），海水中的电导率降低了99.9％。。对于海水，运河水和废水，该操作平均分别持续32、18和10天，直到给水穿透膜为止。在整个长期实验中，馏出物的通量均在0.98–1.55 kg /（m ^2）之内下降。·h），pH值稳定在7.2-7.9，浊度稳定在0.09-0.21 NTU，电导率稳定在0.003-0.451 mS / cm，COD增长在1.9-9.2 mg / L，与给水类型无关。全面的水质测试表明，从所有类型的给水中提取的馏出液均符合美国饮用水中大肠菌群，22种重金属和矿物质，7种阴离子，5种物理因素和50种挥发性有机化合物的标准，并且可以安全饮用。世界应用。