This paper proposes a new bi-objective optimization model, trading-off cost and environmental impacts, for sizing the key electrical and thermal devices in a zero energy building (ZEB), i.e., a building that roughly generates as much renewable energy as it consumes annually. A salient novel feature is the consideration of the environmental impacts, computed through a rigorous life cycle assessment approach, of buying electricity from the grid and manufacturing devices. Furthermore, an enhancement of the proposed model, as compared to the existing models, is to prioritize storing the ZEB excess of energy rather than selling it to the grid. The proposed solution approach of the initial mixed-integer nonlinear programming model relies on McCormick relaxation linearization to obtain a more tractable mixed-integer linear model. An augmented ϵ-constraint method is applied to solve the obtained bi-objective model. Finally, considering the building owners’ willingness-to-pay for environmental impacts, a decision-making criterion is proposed to select the optimal size of the devices among all non-dominated solutions of the Pareto front.

中文翻译：

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考虑环境影响的零能耗建筑电气和热力设备最佳尺寸的新型双目标方法

本文提出了一种新的双目标优化模型，在成本和环境影响之间进行权衡，用于确定零能耗建筑物（ZEB）中关键电气和热力设备的大小，即零能耗建筑物中产生的可再生能源与消耗的能量大致相同每年。一个显着的新颖特征是考虑通过严格的生命周期评估方法计算出的从电网和制造设备中购买电力对环境的影响。此外，与现有模型相比，所提议模型的增强之处在于优先存储ZEB多余的能量，而不是将其出售给电网。初始混合整数非线性规划模型的拟议解决方案方法依靠McCormick弛豫线性化来获得更易于处理的混合整数线性模型。应用增强的ϵ约束方法求解所获得的双目标模型。最后，考虑到建筑物所有者支付环境影响的意愿，提出了一项决策标准，以在Pareto前沿的所有非支配解决方案中选择设备的最佳尺寸。