This article explores different modulation and signaling techniques with the goal to achieve 224-Gb/s link speed through electrical signaling. Focus of this work spans from interconnects to transceiver architecture from system and signaling point of view. In addition to traditional multilevel signaling pulse amplitude modulation-4 (PAM-4 and PAM-8), this work also compares simultaneous bidirectional signaling and multiwire encoding techniques as potential solutions beyond 224-Gb/s link. These signaling options are compared both from performance and implementation complexity point of view with possible improvements required to further extend the speed and reach of electrical signaling.

中文翻译：

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迈向224 Gb / s电信号传输-调制，均衡和通道选项

本文探索了不同的调制和信令技术，其目标是通过电子信令实现224 Gb / s的链路速度。从系统和信令的角度来看，这项工作的重点从互连到收发器体系结构。除了传统的多级信令脉冲幅度调制4（PAM-4和PAM-8），这项工作还比较了同时双向信令和多线编码技术作为224 Gb / s链路以外的潜在解决方案。从性能和实现复杂性的角度，将这些信令选项与进一步扩展电信令的速度和范围所需的可能改进进行了比较。