The health benefits of carefully restricting the energy intake in a strategic manner whilst avoiding malnutrition are widely discussed. In the recent years, the great impact of the gut microbiota on its host has been clarified more and more. Since the gut microbiota produces a number of metabolites and molecules that can affect host metabolism, modulating it with dietary restriction can influence the health and the progression of disease of its host on various levels. This review comprises 15 studies investigating the effect of different variants of fasting and caloric restriction on the gastrointestinal microbiome and its metabolites. The data suggest that changing the gut microbiota composition by dietary restriction has the potential to positively influence the progression of several diseases such as obesity, diabetes, neurological diseases or inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, the relevance of the findings for clinical practice is evaluated and approaches for future research are proposed.

广泛讨论以战略方式谨慎限制能量摄入同时避免营养不良的健康益处。近年来，肠道菌群对其宿主的巨大影响越来越被阐明。由于肠道微生物群会产生许多影响宿主新陈代谢的代谢物和分子，因此通过饮食限制对其进行调节可以在不同程度上影响宿主的健康和疾病的进展。本综述包括 15 项研究，调查不同的禁食和热量限制对胃肠道微生物组及其代谢物的影响。数据表明，通过饮食限制改变肠道微生物群的组成有可能对肥胖、糖尿病、神经系统疾病或炎症性肠病。最后，评估了研究结果与临床实践的相关性，并提出了未来研究的方法。