In the Cis- and Trans-Baikal regions of the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the detailed study and dating of geoarchaeological deposits and the erosion channel network (gullies, floodplains, and river terraces), along with the interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, have revealed areas of modern cryogenic processes as well as horizons with cryoturbations from the second half of the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene (MIS 3–1). Modern cryogenic landforms are found in swampy areas on gentle slopes, floodplains, and river terraces and are mainly represented by cryogenic cracks, hummocks, and thaw sinks; in river beds they are represented by icings. This paper establishes the formation ages of cryogenic horizons and distinguishes the permafrost phenomena of MIS 3–1.

The stages of cryogenesis are associated with cold events, permafrost aggradation, the activation of cryogenic processes, and ice wedge polygon relief formation. During interglacials and interstadials, climate warming lead to permafrost degradation, ice thawing, active layer growth, erosion, cryokarst (thermokarst) development, suffusion, the acceleration of slope processes, the infilling of cryogenic relief forms, erosion network changes, the activation of erosion-accumulative processes, and sedimentation in river valleys.

The second half of the Late Pleistocene contains five stages of active cryogenesis (49–42 k, 38–32.5 k, 29–23 k, 21–14.5 k, 12.9–11.7 k cal. BP),¹ each of which can be further divided into shorter phases. For example, in the Nadeino section (Western Trans-Baikal), three layers are distinguished with cryoturbations dated ~14.5–14.4 k, ~12.7–12.5 k, and 11.9–11.7 k cal. BP. In the Nizhniaia Bulanka section, one cryogenic horizon (formed at ~12.8–11.8 k cal. BP) was identified. Cryogenic horizons are categorized as syngenetic or epigenetic depending on the formation process.

Polygonal-block reliefs (hummocks) are clearly visible in high-resolution space images of river basins on floodplains, terraces, watersheds, and gentle slopes within arable lands. These hummocks range from 4 to 50 m wide and 0.5–3 m high, and are divided by swales and hollows. The paleocryogenic relief on the watersheds and slopes formed in Early MIS 2 (29–23 k cal. BP) and, subsequently, experienced several stages of aggradation and degradation, resulting in a hummocky-hollow relief with sporadic permafrost distribution. Degradation of the permafrost during Late Glacial (15–11 k BP) and Early Holocene warming caused the formation of thermokarst (cryokarst), sheet and gully erosion, suffusion, sedimentation in river valleys, and changes in the microrelief of the upper links of the erosion network. Existing dells, rills, and gullies are the modern manifestations of paleocryogenic depressions and troughs.

在西伯利亚东部南部的顺贝加尔河和反贝加尔河地区，对地质考古沉积物和侵蚀通道网络（沟渠，洪泛区和河阶地）进行了详细的研究和测年，并解释了高分辨率卫星图像，已经揭示了现代低温过程的区域以及晚更新世和全新世后半期的低温扰动层（MIS 3-1）。现代的低温地貌见于平缓的斜坡，洪泛区和河阶地的沼泽地区，主要表现为低温裂缝，山岗和融化的水槽。在河床上，它们以糖霜表示。本文确定了低温层的形成年龄，并区分了MIS 3–1的多年冻土现象。

低温发生的阶段与寒冷事件，多年冻土的凝结，低温过程的激活以及楔形多边形起伏的形成有关。在冰间期和陆缘间期，气候变暖导致永久冻土退化，冰融化，活性层生长，侵蚀，低温岩溶（热岩溶）的发展，富集，斜坡过程的加速，低温浮雕形式的填充，侵蚀网络的变化，侵蚀的激活-积累过程和河谷中的沉积物。

晚更新世的第二半包含活性cryogenesis的五个阶段（49-42 K，38-32.5 K，29-23 K，21-14.5 K，12.9-11.7千卡。BP），¹的每一个可进一步分为较短的阶段。例如，在Nadeino断面（西贝加尔河西部）中，三层冰冻扰动可分为日期分别为〜14.5–14.4 k，〜12.7–12.5 k和11.9–11.7 k cal。BP。在下布兰卡（Nizhniaia Bulanka）断层中，发现了一个低温层位（形成于约12.8-11.8 k cal。BP）。低温层根据形成过程分为同种或表观。

在洪泛区，阶地，集水区和耕地内平缓坡度的河流盆地的高分辨率空间图像中，多边形块浮雕（山岗）清晰可见。这些山岗的宽度为4至50 m，高为0.5–3 m，并被大浪和空洞分开。在MIS 2早期（29-23 k cal。BP）形成的分水岭和斜坡上的古微地貌起伏，随后经历了几次凝结和退化的阶段，从而导致了一个丘陵状的中空起伏，并散布了多年冻土。晚期冰川（15-11 k BP）和全新世早期的冻土退化导致热喀斯特（冰冻喀斯特）的形成，片状和沟壑侵蚀，富集，河谷中的沉积物，以及上层冰川上游的微浮雕的变化。侵蚀网络。现有的小溪，小溪，