This article measures Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers’ punitive biases in immigration enforcement, comparing rates of dissent with low- and high-risk classification scores. It provides evidence that contextual political factors alter dissent with risk classification assessment (RCA) scores and describes how such dissent informs more punitive versions of ICE's RCA scoring rules.

中文翻译：

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人为因素：移民执法中的算法、异议和拘留

本文衡量移民和海关执法局 (ICE) 官员在移民执法中的惩罚性偏见，将异议率与低风险和高风险分类分数进行比较。它提供了证据表明背景政治因素改变了对风险分类评估 (RCA) 分数的异议，并描述了此类异议如何为 ICE 的 RCA 评分规则提供更具惩罚性的版本。