According to what is perhaps the dominant picture of reference, what a referential term refers to in a context is determined by what the speaker intends for her audience to identify as the referent. I argue that this sort of broadly Gricean view entails, counterintuitively, that it is impossible to knowingly use referential terms in ways that one expects or intends to be misunderstood. Then I sketch an alternative which can better account for such opaque uses of language, or what I call “sneaky reference.” I close by reflecting on the ramifications of these arguments for the theory of meaning more broadly.

中文翻译：

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说话人参考、语义参考、偷偷摸摸的参考

根据参考的主导图景，参考术语在上下文中指的是什么，取决于说话者打算让她的听众将什么识别为所指。我认为，这种广义的 Gricean 观点意味着，与直觉相反，不可能以人们预期或打算被误解的方式故意使用指称术语。然后我勾勒出一个替代方案，它可以更好地解释这种不透明的语言使用，或者我称之为“偷偷摸摸的参考”。最后，我将更广泛地反思这些关于意义理论的争论的后果。