This is the first comprehensive report on the traditional and novel uses of medicinal plants practiced by the indigenous communities of the Sudhnoti district of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. The area is rich in folklore and indigenous medicinal knowledge due to a unique tribal composition and socioeconomic conditions. This study aimed to document traditional knowledge of native plant use by the local communities, particularly those used for therapeutic purposes. Field surveys were conducted from September 2015 to March 2017. Interviews with 125 local inhabitants of different tribes, age groups, genders, and occupations were conducted using structured and semi-structured questions along with group discussions. Data gathered on plant uses, local names, and modes of application of each plant species were organized in tables. Ethnobotanical indices such as use value (UV) and cultural significance index (CSI) were used to produce quantitative information on the plant use category, frequency, and cultural preference of species. Reports on therapeutic uses of medicinal plants were compared with previous studies. In all, 88 plant species from 45 families were reported, out of which 67 (77%) were used in ethnomedical applications. Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae were the dominant families. Berberis lycium was the most valued plant species, followed by Zanthoxylum armatum and Taraxacum officinale. Mentha arvensis had the highest cultural significance, followed by Mentha longifolia, Punica granatum, and Zanthoxylum armatum. Leaves were the most preferred plant parts in the preparation of medicine exclusively or mixed with other parts. The most frequently used process of crude preparation of medicinal plants was cooking. Oral intake was the predominant route of administration. Our comparative analysis confirmed that most of the plants documented have uses that match those previously reported for the region and other parts of the world, with the exception of novel medicinal uses for 11 plant species, including Verbascum thapsus for earache, Elaeagnus umbellata for hepatitis, Achillea millefolium for oral care, Dicliptera roxburghiana to prevent sunstroke in cattle, Rumex hastatus for allergy antidote, Pyrus pashia for hepatitis, and Nerium oleander for diabetes.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦阿扎德查谟和克什米尔 Sudhnoti 地区植物的民族药理学调查和比较分析


这是第一份关于巴基斯坦阿扎德查谟和克什米尔 (AJK) Sudhnoti 地区土著社区药用植物传统和新颖用途的综合报告。由于独特的部落构成和社会经济条件，该地区拥有丰富的民间传说和本土医学知识。这项研究旨在记录当地社区使用本土植物的传统知识，特别是用于治疗目的的植物。实地调查于2015年9月至2017年3月进行，采用结构化和半结构化问题并进行小组讨论，对125名不同部落、年龄组、性别和职业的当地居民进行了访谈。收集到的有关植物用途、当地名称和每种植物种类的应用方式的数据整理在表格中。使用价值（UV）和文化意义指数（CSI）等民族植物学指数用于生成有关植物使用类别、频率和物种文化偏好的定量信息。关于药用植物治疗用途的报告与以前的研究进行了比较。总共报告了来自 45 个科的 88 种植物，其中 67 种（77%）用于民族医学应用。菊科、蔷薇科、豆科、唇形科为优势科。小檗（Berberis lycium）是最有价值的植物物种，其次是花椒（Zanthoxylum armatum）和蒲公英（Taraxacum officinale）。薄荷具有最高的文化意义，其次是长叶薄荷、石榴和花椒。叶子是单独或与其他部分混合制备药物时最优选的植物部分。药用植物粗制最常用的方法是蒸煮。 口服摄入是主要的给药途径。我们的比较分析证实，大多数记载的植物的用途与之前报道的该地区和世界其他地区的用途相匹配，但 11 种植物的新药用用途除外，包括毛蕊花治疗耳痛、胡颓子治疗肝炎、用于口腔护理的千叶蓍，用于预防牛中暑的双翅目，用于过敏解毒剂的羊蹄，用于肝炎的梨，以及用于糖尿病的夹竹桃。