Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors which affects plant growth and development and reduces crop productivity. Plants have stress tolerance ability to respond to a particular type of stress. For salt stress alleviation, plants retain specific mechanisms, such as activation of signalling cascades, ion channels, receptors, hormonal stimulation, ion exchange, osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes which are involved either directly or indirectly in plant protection. In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced in different cell compartments and involved in the “oxidative signalling” mechanism. Based on the recent studies in signalling and mechanisms for salt tolerance in plant, we explored the role of the salt overly sensitive system (SOS) related to antiporters of plasma and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Considering the importance of ROS and RNS, the present review has focused on different aspects and mechanisms that play key role in plants cell signalling network in response to salinity stress. In addition, this review highlights the differential expression of ROS, RNS and various antioxidative enzymes in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Moreover, the strategies for alleviation of salt stress such as magnetopriming, nanopriming, biopriming and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in plants to achieve improved salt tolerance in crops under field conditions and their effects through ROS and RNS is also discussed. We conclude the review with a discussion of unseen issues and suggestions for future researches.

中文翻译：

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幕后：活性氧和活性氮在盐胁迫耐受性中的关键作用

盐度是影响植物生长发育和降低作物生产力的最重要的非生物因素之一。植物具有对特定类型胁迫作出反应的胁迫耐受能力。对于盐胁迫缓解，植物保留了特定的机制，例如信号级联、离子通道、受体、激素刺激、离子交换、渗透剂和抗氧化酶的激活，这些都直接或间接参与植物保护。在植物中，活性氧 (ROS) 和活性氮 (RNS) 在不同的细胞区室中产生并参与“氧化信号”机制。基于最近对植物耐盐信号和机制的研究，我们探索了与血浆逆向转运蛋白和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK) 级联相关的盐过度敏感系统 (SOS) 的作用。考虑到 ROS 和 RNS 的重要性，本综述重点关注在植物细胞信号网络响应盐分胁迫中起关键作用的不同方面和机制。此外，本综述重点介绍了 C3、C4 和 CAM 植物中 ROS、RNS 和各种抗氧化酶的差异表达。此外，还讨论了减轻盐胁迫的策略，例如植物中的磁引发、纳米引发、生物引发和丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF)，以在田间条件下提高作物的耐盐性，以及它们通过 ROS 和 RNS 的影响。我们通过讨论未见的问题和对未来研究的建议来结束评论。