The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) plays a prominent role in signaling reward expectations. Two important features of rewards are their value (how good they are) and their specific identity (what they are). Whereas research on OFC has traditionally focused on reward value, recent findings point toward a pivotal role of reward identity in understanding OFC signaling and its contribution to behavior. Here, we review work in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans on how the OFC represents expectations about the identity of rewards, and how these signals contribute to outcome-guided behavior. Moreover, we summarize recent findings suggesting that specific reward expectations in OFC are learned and updated by means of identity errors in the dopaminergic midbrain. We conclude by discussing how OFC encoding of specific rewards complements recent proposals that this region represents a cognitive map of relevant task states, which forms the basis for model-based behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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具体来说：眶额皮质在信号奖励身份中的作用。

眶额皮质 (OFC) 在发出奖励预期信号方面发挥着重要作用。奖励的两个重要特征是它们的价值（它们有多好）和它们的特定身份（它们是什么）。尽管对 OFC 的研究传统上集中在奖励价值上，但最近的研究结果表明，奖励身份在理解 OFC 信号及其对行为的贡献方面具有关键作用。在这里，我们回顾了在啮齿动物、非人类灵长类动物和人类中关于 OFC 如何代表对奖励身份的期望，以及这些信号如何促成结果导向行为的工作。此外，我们总结了最近的发现，表明 OFC 中的特定奖励期望是通过多巴胺能中脑中的身份错误来学习和更新的。最后，我们讨论了特定奖励的 OFC 编码如何补充最近的提议，即该区域代表相关任务状态的认知地图，这构成了基于模型的行为的基础。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。