Neurons are long-lived cells with a complex architecture, in which synapses may be located far away from the cell body and are subject to plastic changes, thereby posing special challenges to the systems that maintain and dynamically regulate the synaptic proteome. These mechanisms include neuronal autophagy and the endolysosome pathway, as well as the ubiquitin/proteasome system, which cooperate in the constitutive and regulated turnover of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins. Here, we summarize the pathways involved in synaptic protein degradation and the mechanisms underlying their regulation, for example, by neuronal activity, with an emphasis on the presynaptic compartment and outline perspectives for future research. Keywords: Synapse, Synaptic vesicle, Autophagy, Endolysosome, Proteasome, Protein turnover, Protein degradation, Endosome, Lysosome

神经元是具有复杂结构的长寿细胞，其中突触可能位于远离细胞体的地方，并会发生塑性变化，从而对维持和动态调节突触蛋白质组的系统提出了特殊挑战。这些机制包括神经元自噬和内溶酶体途径，以及泛素/蛋白酶体系统，它们在突触前和突触后蛋白的组成型和受调节的周转中协同工作。在这里，我们总结了突触蛋白降解所涉及的途径及其调控机制，例如神经元活动，重点是突触前区室，并概述了未来研究的前景。关键词：突触、突触小泡、自噬、内溶酶体、蛋白酶体、蛋白质周转、蛋白质降解、内体、