Objectives

There is burgeoning interest in studying the effectiveness of mindfulness-based and traditional contemplative practices, and brief yet suitably and comprehensive measures of mindfulness are needed to assess related changes. There is preliminary evidence that pilgrimage may share some aspects with contemplative practices. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 15-item Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15) in a large sample of pilgrims and explored the effects of pilgrimage on mindfulness.

Methods

The FFMQ-15 along with distress and wellbeing measures were administered via online to a large sample of participants undertaking a pilgrimage (i.e., the Way of Saint James) in Spain (baseline: n = 800; pre-post analyses: n = 314). Confirmatory factor analyses were computed to find the best-fitting model of the FFMQ-15; reliability and construct validity analyses were also performed.

Results

The four-facet bifactor structure (mindfulness plus four specific facets, excluding observing) was the best-fitting model for the FFMQ-15 (CFI = .956; TLI = .931; RMSEA = .058 [.048–.068]; SRMR = .046). Overall, we found satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s α ranged from .56 to .85) and small to moderate correlations with distress and wellbeing measures.

Conclusions

The FFMQ-15 showed a four-facet bifactor structure and an overall satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity despite its shortness. We observed that mindfulness can be cultivated by pilgrimage, but further studies including long-term assessments and control groups are warranted before firm conclusions can be drawn.

中文翻译：

---

西班牙朝圣者大量样本中的15项五方面正念问卷的心理计量学特性

目标

对基于正念和传统沉思实践的有效性研究的兴趣日益浓厚，因此需要简短而适当且全面的正念衡量方法来评估相关的变化。有初步证据表明，朝圣可能会与沉思习俗共享某些方面。这项研究在大量的朝圣者样本中检查了西班牙语版本的15项五方面正念问卷（FFMQ-15）的心理测量特性，并探讨了朝圣对正念的影响。

方法

FFMQ-15与遇险和福祉措施一起通过在线方式管理给在西班牙进行朝圣（即圣詹姆斯之路）的大量参与者（基线：n  = 800；事后分析：n  = 314） 。计算验证性因素分析以找到最合适的FFMQ-15模型。还进行了信度和结构效度分析。

结果

四方面的双因素结构（正念加四个具体方面，不包括观察）是FFMQ-15的最佳拟合模型（CFI = .956； TLI = .931； RMSEA = .058 [.048–.068]； SRMR = .046）。总体而言，我们发现满意的可靠性（信度的α从0.56到不等0.85）和小与窘迫和福利措施，适度的相关性。

结论

FFMQ-15表现出四方面的双因素结构，尽管它很短，但总体上令人满意的内部一致性和结构有效性。我们观察到，朝圣可以培养正念，但是在得出明确的结论之前，需要进行包括长期评估和对照组在内的进一步研究。