This paper seeks to inform an improved understanding of the energy tradeoff associated with on-site manufacturing water reuse in the United States from a lifecycle perspective, in part by developing an analytical framework for understanding when this tradeoff for reuse is beneficial. We survey the literature to assess the current state of reuse and its motives and barriers in the United States, before synthesizing information from publicly available EPA data on contaminants in US manufacturing wastewaters and technologies for treating them. Using the available data, we derive a set of “ubiquitous contaminants” among the top ten in terms of mass discharged in more than half of US manufacturing subsectors (NAICS 31–33) according to EPA permit data. We also present information on proven treatment trains and their energy requirements. We then compare water quality requirements for specific contaminants in reclaimed water to those characteristic of wastewater streams currently being discharged from manufacturing plants into surface waters to highlight sectors with reuse opportunities that could require little cost to realize, such as primary metals and, to a lesser extent, petroleum and coal products. We conclude by highlighting data limitations that need to be rectified before applying the framework more broadly and discussing how these data gaps could be filled. Better understanding the relationship between energy and water in the context of on-site manufacturing water reuse would allow manufacturers to improve resiliency by reducing regulatory, physical, and reputational risks while lessening their footprint on local watersheds.

中文翻译：

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表征美国的制造废水，以分析再利用的能源需求

本文旨在从生命周期的角度更好地了解与美国现场制造水再利用相关的能源权衡，部分方法是开发一个分析框架来理解这种再利用权衡何时有益。我们调查了文献，以评估美国的当前再利用状态及其动机和障碍，然后从 EPA 公开数据中合成有关美国制造废水中污染物和处理技术的信息。根据 EPA 许可数据，我们使用现有数据推导出一组“无处不在的污染物”，这些污染物在美国一半以上的制造业子行业 (NAICS 31-33) 中排放量排在前十位。我们还提供有关经过验证的处理系统及其能源需求的信息。然后，我们将再生水中特定污染物的水质要求与目前从制造工厂排放到地表水中的废水流的特征进行比较，以突出显示可能需要很少成本实现再利用机会的部门，例如初级金属和较少范围内，石油和煤炭产品。最后，我们强调了在更广泛地应用该框架之前需要纠正的数据限制，并讨论如何填补这些数据空白。在现场制造水回用的背景下，更好地了解能源和水之间的关系，将使制造商能够通过减少监管、物理和声誉风险，同时减少他们在当地流域的足迹来提高弹性。