Confrontation research has primarily focused on what drives individuals' intentions to confront strangers who express prejudicial attitudes (i.e., interpersonal bias; for reviews see Ashburn-Nardo & Karim, 2019; Kawakami, Karmali, & Vaccarino, 2019). However, bias manifests in multiple forms, including biased policies and institutional practices (i.e., structural bias) or bias perpetrated by close others (e.g., friends), and little is known about what factors impede (or facilitate) intentions to confront these different manifestations of bias. Across three experiments, European Americans reported wanting to confront instances of structural racial bias more than interpersonal racial bias. This was driven by perceptions that the examples of structural bias were more harmful and that confronting would be more effective in changing the perpetrator's behavior, compared with examples of interpersonal bias. Additionally, participants expressed greater intentions to confront friends over strangers (Studies 1–2), due to participants' perceptions that they personally would be effective confronters and that friends would be more receptive. This work provides insight into people's intentions to confront varying manifestations of bias, namely biased structures and close others.

对抗研究主要集中于驱使个人意图与表达偏见态度（即人际偏见）的陌生人面对面的原因。; 有关评论，请参阅Ashburn-Nardo＆Karim，2019; Kawakami，Karmali和Vaccarino，2019年）。但是，偏见以多种形式表现出来，包括偏见的政策和制度实践（即结构性偏见）或亲密的他人（例如朋友）所犯下的偏见，对于阻碍（或促进）面对这些不同表现形式的意图的因素知之甚少偏见。在三个实验中，美国黑人报告说，他们希望面对结构性种族偏见而不是人际种族偏见。之所以如此，是因为人们认为，与人际偏见相比，结构性偏见的例子更加有害，而面对挑战将更有效地改变犯罪者的行为。此外，参与者表达了与陌生人面对朋友的更大意愿（研究1-2），因为参与者认为他们本人将是有效的面对者，并且朋友会更容易接受。这项工作可以洞悉人们面对偏见的各种表现形式的意图，即偏见的结构和封闭他人的意图。