Reviewed by:

• Harvey Milk: His Lives and Deaths by Lillian Faderman
• John D'Emilio (bio)

Movements for social justice have often produced iconic figures whose names become identified with the cause. Can one think about the movement for racial justice without the name of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., coming to mind, or of women's suffrage without thinking about Elizabeth Cady Stanton or Susan B. Anthony?

If there is an equivalent for the LGBTQ movement, it may very well be Harvey Milk. His successful 1977 campaign for a seat on San Francisco's Board of Supervisors made him the first out-of-the-closet gay man elected to public office in the United States. Within months, San Francisco passed a bill prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Milk also was highly visible throughout California in the successful 1978 effort to defeat Proposition 6, a statewide ballot referendum that would have denied employment in public schools to anyone who came out or who spoke supportively of homosexuality. Then, less than a year after his election, he and San Francisco mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White, a former city supervisor known for his anti-gay views. White's trial provoked massive demonstrations, including major rioting and police attacks in San Francisco. In the decades since Milk's death, he has been the subject of a documentary film and a Hollywood feature movie, both of which won Oscars. His face adorns a US postage stamp, and he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Obama.

Lillian Faderman's biography of Milk, published in the Jewish Studies series of Yale University Press, offers insight into the how and why of Milk's iconic status. Concise and highly readable, it presents a lively and dynamic account of his life, both public and private. A particular strength of the book is that Faderman does not uncritically lionize Milk. We see him as both an important historical figure and as an individual with deep personal struggles.

Milk was born in Long Island in 1930. His grandfather was a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant who ran his own dry goods store and established the first synagogue in Woodmere, New York. According to Faderman, Milk's family upbringing instilled in him a strong sense of "tikkun olam," the obligation for Jews to make things right in the world. Reaching adulthood, Milk struggled to find a focus for his life. He moved around the country, returning to New York in the early 1960s and working [End Page 634] for several years on Wall Street, a career move that provided financial security but little personal satisfaction.

In these years, Milk made contact with Tom O'Horgan, a rising figure in the New York theater world who would direct both Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar. For Milk, according to Faderman, the theater revealed "who he wanted to be," but roles of any consequence never materialized (55). On the road again, he made a first attempt at a life in San Francisco in 1969, and then returned and settled there permanently in 1972.

These were the early years of gay liberation. San Francisco's LGBTQ community was becoming more visible than ever before. Milk opened a camera store on Castro Street, which was then the center of the public gay male world, and soon he was organizing local businesses, including several gay-owned ones, into a neighborhood political force. In 1973, he decided to run for city supervisor. Though he lost the election badly, the campaign was a turning point. According to Faderman, "he had finally discovered—after a lifetime of searching—what he was meant to do, and now he would put everything into winning the right to do it" (80).

It took three more campaigns for public office before Milk was chosen to represent on the Board of Supervisors the district in which LGBTQ people were concentrated. Unique as his position as a gay elected official was, Faderman makes clear that he was in no sense a radical. "He was most comfortable in the role of maverick...

审核人：

• 哈维·米尔克（Harvey Milk）：莉莲·法德曼（Lillian Faderman）的生与死
• 约翰·德埃米利奥（生物）

社会正义运动经常产生标志性人物，其名字与事业相关。没有人想到马丁·路德·金牧师的名字，或者没有考虑伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿或苏珊·安东尼的苏珊·普选权，有人能想到种族正义运动吗？

如果LGBTQ运动具有同等水平，那很可能就是哈维·米尔克（Harvey Milk）。他1977年成功竞选为对监事的旧金山的一个董事会席位让他先出来的最厕同性恋者在美国当选公职。几个月之内，旧金山通过了一项法案，禁止基于性取向的歧视。在1978年成功击败提案6提案的努力中，牛奶在整个加利福尼亚州也广为人知。提案6是全州范围的投票公决，该提案将拒绝公立学校中任何露面或支持同性恋的人的工作。然后，他的当选不到一年后，他和旧金山市长乔治莫斯贡由旦白，在前城市监督员为他的反同性恋的看法知道暗杀。怀特的审判激起了大规模的游行示威，包括旧金山的大规模骚乱和警察袭击。自米尔克去世以来的几十年中，他一直是纪录片电影和好莱坞故事片的主题，两者均获得了奥斯卡奖。他的脸上装饰着一张美国邮票，他被奥巴马总统追授了自由勋章。

莉莲·法德曼（Lillian Faderman）的牛奶传记，在耶鲁大学出版社的《犹太研究》系列上发表，对牛奶如何以及为什么具有标志性地位进行了深入研究。简洁且可读性强，它生动活泼地描述了他的公共和私人生活。该书的一个特别优点是Faderman不会不加批判地将Milk狮子化。我们认为他既是重要的历史人物，又是个人奋斗的个人。

米尔克于1930年出生在长岛。他的祖父是立陶宛犹太移民，他经营着自己的干货店，并在纽约伍德米尔建立了第一家犹太教堂。根据法德曼的说法，米尔克的家庭成长给他灌输了一种强烈的“提克乌兰”的感觉，这是犹太人使世界上一切正确的义务。米尔到达成年后，一直在努力寻找生命的焦点。他移居美国各地，并于1960年代初返回纽约，在华尔街工作了[End Page 634]数年，此举为他提供了财务保障，但个人满意度却很少。

近年来，米尔克与汤姆·奥霍根（Tom O'Horgan）取得了联系，汤姆·奥霍根是纽约剧院界中一位正在崛起的人物，他将同时指挥Hair和Jesus Christ Superstar。根据费德曼的观点，对米尔克来说，剧院透露了“他想成为谁”，但任何后果的角色都没有实现（55）。再次在路上，他于1969年首次尝试在旧金山生活，然后于1972年返回并永久定居在那里。

这些是同性恋解放的初期。旧金山的LGBTQ社区比以往任何时候都更加引人注目。米尔克在当时的公共同性恋世界的中心卡斯特罗街上开了一家照相馆，不久他就组织了当地企业，包括几家同性恋企业，组成了邻里政治力量。1973年，他决定竞选城市主管。尽管他在选举中惨败，但竞选还是一个转折点。根据Faderman的说法，“经过一生的搜寻，他终于发现了他本来应该做的事情，现在他将一切尽一切努力来赢得这样做的权利”（80）。

在米尔被选为代表LGBTQ人群集中的地区的监督委员会代表之前，又经过了三场竞选公职。独一无二的，因为他是一个同性恋民选官员是位置，Faderman清楚地表明他是没有任何意义的基团。“他对特立独行的角色感到最自在...