Drawing on the layered verb phrase hypothesis, the unexpected adversity imposed on the subject of causative–passives in Japanese will be explained by the loci of -sase and -rare , both of which may instantiate more than one functional heads. This hypothesis also gives an account of the marginal status of passive–causatives whose passivized subject (=causee) is animate. Turning to Korean, /Hi/ is univocally causative, and its apparent use as passive is the result of Voice–Cause bundling. Furthermore, the possible and impossible uses of /Hi/ and /Hu/ as passive morphology result from their selectional properties.

中文翻译：

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日韩语的因果形态和被动形态

利用分层的动词短语假设，日语中因果-被动语所带来的意想不到的逆境将由-sase和-rare的位点解释，这两个位点都可以实例化一个以上的功能性头。该假设还说明了其被动对象（=原因）是有生命的被动原因的边际状态。转到韩语时，/ Hi /是唯一的因果关系，它作为被动语态的明显用法是“语音-原因”捆绑的结果。此外，/ Hi /和/ Hu /作为被动形态的可能和不可能的使用是由于它们的选择特性而产生的。