Ancient Greek features a wide array of means to encode reciprocity. Even though reference grammars do mention most of these strategies, they have not been brought together and compared in a systematic way so far. In this paper, we provide a thorough corpus-based description of the three most widespread reciprocal markers in Homeric Greek: the pronoun allḗlōn , the middle voice, and the use of preverbs. Our analysis is couched within current descriptive models of reciprocal constructions developed in linguistic typology. As we argue, Homeric Greek offers a remarkably complex picture, whereby these strategies synchronically cover different semantic and syntactic sub-domains of reciprocity, and thus partly stand in complementary distribution. Already in Homer, the pronoun allḗlōn is the most productive marker of reciprocal situations, with the middle voice and preverbs playing a more limited role. By adopting a diachronic perspective, we also show that this distribution can partly be explained as the result of the different historical sources of each construction. Moreover, once properly scrutinized, the facts of Homeric Greek provide interesting cues as to the developments of reciprocal constructions in later stages of Greek.

中文翻译：

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荷马希腊文中的对等构造：一种基于类型和语料库的方法

古希腊具有多种编码互惠的手段。即使参考语法确实提到了这些策略中的大多数，但到目前为止，它们还没有得到系统的比较和比较。在本文中，我们对基于荷马的希腊语中三个最广泛使用的互逆标记提供了基于语料库的详尽描述：代词allḗlōn，中间语音和前置词的使用。我们的分析基于语言类型学发展的对等构造的当前描述性模型。正如我们所论证的那样，荷马希腊文提供了非常复杂的图景，由此这些策略同步覆盖互惠的不同语义和句法子域，因此部分地处于互补分布中。代名词allḗlōn已经出现在荷马地区，是互惠情况中最有成效的标志，中间声音和前言的作用则更为有限。通过采用历时性的观点，我们还表明，这种分布可以部分地解释为每种构造的不同历史来源的结果。而且，一旦经过仔细的审查，荷马史诗的事实为希腊后期的互惠结构的发展提供了有趣的线索。