The knowledge of soil indicators during forest restoration is essential for understanding the recovery of ecosystem functions such as biomass production and water regulation. Despite this importance, in most restoration programs over the world, the soil remains under-investigated. Here, we conducted a systematic literature review in order to determine: (1) the extent to which soil indicators are monitored during forest restoration in Colombia; (2) the type of soil indicators (e.g. physical, chemical, or biological) that are used for the monitoring; and (3) the regions where soil indicators are measured. We found 34 studies that report soil indicators. The most frequently studied restoration sites were 0–5 years old (36%). The majority (71%) of the studies only measured the soil characteristics at the topsoil. Soil sodium (Na) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were the most common chemical soil indicators reported by the studies. Soil biological indicators were the least frequently reported indicators. The studies rarely reported soil indicators that affect water movement directly. Of the retrieved studies, most included information about old-growth forests (63%) or degraded sites (56%) for comparisons with forests undergoing restoration. Based on these results we provide recommendations for monitoring soil characteristics to assess the effectiveness of forest restoration projects in Colombia, and other tropical countries.

中文翻译：

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哥伦比亚森林恢复期间土壤监测的主要差距

森林恢复过程中土壤指标的知识对于理解生态系统功能的恢复至关重要，例如生物量生产和水分调节。尽管如此重要，但在世界上大多数恢复计划中，土壤仍未得到充分研究。在这里，我们进行了系统的文献回顾以确定：(1) 在哥伦比亚森林恢复期间监测土壤指标的程度；(2) 用于监测的土壤指标类型（例如物理、化学或生物）；(3) 土壤指标测量区域。我们发现了 34 项报告土壤指标的研究。最常研究的修复地点是 0-5 年（36%）。大多数（71%）的研究只测量了表土的土壤特性。土壤钠 (Na) 和磷 (P) 浓度是研究报告的最常见的土壤化学指标。土壤生物指标是报告频率最低的指标。这些研究很少报告直接影响水运动的土壤指标。在检索到的研究中，大多数包括有关古老森林 (63%) 或退化地点 (56%) 的信息，以便与正在恢复的森林进行比较。基于这些结果，我们提供了监测土壤特征的建议，以评估哥伦比亚和其他热带国家森林恢复项目的有效性。这些研究很少报告直接影响水运动的土壤指标。在检索到的研究中，大多数包括有关古老森林 (63%) 或退化地点 (56%) 的信息，以便与正在恢复的森林进行比较。基于这些结果，我们提供了监测土壤特征的建议，以评估哥伦比亚和其他热带国家森林恢复项目的有效性。这些研究很少报告直接影响水运动的土壤指标。在检索到的研究中，大多数包括有关古老森林 (63%) 或退化地点 (56%) 的信息，以便与正在恢复的森林进行比较。基于这些结果，我们提供了监测土壤特征的建议，以评估哥伦比亚和其他热带国家森林恢复项目的有效性。