Experimental Frustration Procedures with 158 children (15–39 months) of two‐parent families were conducted, with each parent separately involved. We examined diverse characteristics of children's frustration and focused on specific behaviors of how children coped and parents supported them. In addition, external observers measured child attachment security (via Attachment Q Sort) toward the mother and the father during two home visits. Children with high attachment security became frustrated later and for a shorter time, and fathers, as compared to mothers, relieved these frustration patterns and reduced them. Although 22.2% children exhibited intense frustration responses up to tantrums, levels remained unaffected by child gender, but decreased with child age. Time‐lag analyses revealed that children's self‐comforting behaviors reduced frustration responses only by around 20%, but self‐distracting (in younger children) and pretend‐playing (in older children) by around 50% and 70%. Of the parent behaviors, demonstrating reduced children's frustration by up to 40% whereas distracting and reframing by around 60% (mothers) and 80% (fathers). In general, mothers tended to protect the child from distress, whereas fathers assisted the child in coping with frustration. However, if mothers soothed and fathers encouraged, children's frustration intensified.

中文翻译：

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可怕的两岁：孩子如何应对挫折和发脾气以及母亲和父亲行为的影响

对双亲家庭的 158 名儿童（15-39 个月）进行了实验性挫败程序，每个父母分别参与。我们研究了儿童挫折的不同特征，并重点关注儿童如何应对和父母支持他们的具体行为。此外，外部观察者测量了儿童依恋安全性（通过Attachment Q Sort) 在两次家访期间对母亲和父亲。依恋安全感高的孩子沮丧的时间更晚，时间也更短，与母亲相比，父亲会缓解并减少这些沮丧模式。尽管 22.2% 的儿童表现出强烈的沮丧反应直至发脾气，但水平不受儿童性别的影响，但随着儿童年龄的增长而下降。时滞分析表明，儿童的自我-安慰行为只有20％左右降低挫折的反应，但自我-分心（在年幼的儿童），并假装-播放（以年龄较大的儿童）的％左右，50和70％。父母的行为，证明将儿童的挫败感降低了 40%，而分散注意力和重新规划的情况则减少了约 60%（母亲）和 80%（父亲）。一般来说，母亲倾向于保护孩子免受痛苦，而父亲则帮助孩子应对挫折。然而，如果母亲安抚，父亲鼓励，孩子的挫败感就会加剧。